Identifying Potential Risk, Response, Recovery

In this paper I have just been hired as an Information Security Engineer for a video game development company. I have previously identified all of the potential Threats, Vulnerabilities and Malicious Attacks for the videogame development company. The CIO have reviewed my report and has now requested that I draft a report analyzing and assessing any potential Malicious Attacks, Vulnerabilities and Threats that may be carried out against the company’s network. I will then choose a strategy for dealing with risk, such as mitigation, assignment, risk and avoidance.Next I will develop controls that will be used to mitigate each risk. Now let’s begin by discussing the threat of the Web/FTP server, some servers, or hosts, must be open to the internet. Web servers are examples of such hosts. You want any user to be able to access your web server- but you don’t want everyone to be able to get to your internal network (Fundamentals of Information Systems Security). The sim ple solution for this is just to isolate the host that is connected to the internet from the internal networks and then create a demilitarized zone.The risk mitigation for the Web/FTP, the FTP is very useful for working with remote systems, or to move files between systems. On the other hand the use of FTP across the internet or other untrusted networks, exposes you to certain security risk. Your object authority scheme might not provide enough protection when you allow the FTP on your system. The next risk for FTP is a hacker can mount a denial of service attack with your FTP server to disable user profile (FTP Security). This is usually done by repeatedly trying to logging on with the incorrect password for a user profile, generally until the profile is disabled.This kind of attack will disable the profile if it reached the maximum sign on count of three. If the company use a FTP server logon exit program to reject logon requests by any system user profile and those user profiles that the company designate will not be allowed FTP access. Now we will discuss the NIDS, the primary purpose of a network-based intrusion detection system is to identify attackers trying to expose vulnerable network services. The NIDS can respond to the attack or alert personnel, who can take the necessary and appropriate actions for this type of attack.NIDS allows administrator to respond to attacks with actions appropriate to their security policy. To properly analyze false alarm reduction strategies, it is necessary to quantify risk and the NIDS role in risk reduction. The NIDS uses two formulas, one formula assumes that risk is roughly equivalent to single loss expectancy. This formula for this quantification is SLE= (Asset Value x Exposure Factor) (Fundamentals of Information Systems Security). The next formula states that risk is equal to exposure multiplied by threat. Risk= Exposure x Threat.This equation determines threat and the type of threat. For example there are threats of port scans, automated scans and sweeps, Denial of Service and Service attacks and compromises. Now we will move on to Windows 2008 Active Directory Domain Controllers (DC), because domain controllers provide critical services to their clients, it is crucial to minimize the risk of any disruption of these services that may be caused by malicious attacks. Antivirus Software can be used to mitigate the risk of malicious attacks in Windows 2008 Active Directory Domain Controllers.Make sure that you verify the antivirus software you select is confirmed to be compatible with your domain controllers. Do not use domain controller systems as general workstations. Another way to prevent malicious attacks on domain controller systems is to not allow users to use domain controllers to surf the web or to perform any other activities that can allow the introduction of malicious code. Only allow browsing on sites that are known to be safe, this will be did strictly for the purpose of supportin g server operation and maintenance.Another practice to keep in mind is to make sure that all of the company’s files, including the shared ones, should be ran against a virus scanning software. This bring me to the file servers, have the potential to receive different viruses such as worms, Trojan horses and logic bombs. To allow an end user to upload files to your website, is like opening another door for a malicious user to compromise your server (acunetix. com). File uploads are permitted in social network applications. File uploads are also allowed with blogging, e-banking sites and you tube.All of these network sites allow users the opportunity to efficiently share files with corporate employees. Users are allowed to share files with corporate employees, through uploaded videos, pictures, avatars and many other types of files. The best way to prevent malicious attacks through the company’s file servers is to make sure that the file that is being uploaded is validat ed. This will prevent a hacker from uploading files with malicious codes that can lead to a server compromise. Another way to prevent a malicious attack on the file server is for the company to block all dangerous extensions.In cases like this, there would be a blacklist, the list will show the dangerous extensions and there access will be denied if the extension of file they are trying to upload is on this list. The best practices to follow when uploading files onto websites and web applications. The first risk mitigation in a file server is to estimate the size of programs, files, and transaction. Then you will need to prevent deviation in size of the files as well as the amount of users that have access to the files. Now we will move forward the Wireless access point (WAP), this is the connection between a wired and wireless network.This is also a wireless security protocol designed to address and fix the known security issues in WEP. WAP’s are radios, sending and receivin g networking information over the air between wireless devices and the wired network wireless (Fundamentals of Information Systems Security). The best way to prevent malicious attacks on a WAP is to increase security. Presently WPA provides users with a higher level of assurance that their data will remain protected by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol for data encryption.If the data is not encrypted then it is considered as fair game, because it would be very easy for anyone that have access to a radio to access this data. The mitigation risk for a Wireless access point is to make sure your technology is updated. Failure to upgrade to newer, more advanced technologies could potentially impact productivity and lead to significant downtime, security vulnerabilities, and non-compliance issues. Older wireless technology do not support new features and functions that are proving to be so valuable.Next you will need to choose the right carrier, ensuring information is secure within t he supply chain, complying with all the latest government and retailer mandates and taking advantage of all the latest features and functions to save time and money can seem like a daunting task ( Wireless technology Migration: Mitigating risk and increasing supply chain efficiency). Now we will discuss the 100- Desktop/Laptop computers, both of these computers are subject to viruses such as worms, hoaxes, Trojans and other security vulnerabilities.The best way to prevent these from occurring is to install and use a firewall. Always make sure you are installing and updating the latest critical security software. Add a virus software scanner, to allow the software to scan your computer for potential viruses. Next we will discuss the VOIP telephone system, this is one of the newest technologies that is being rapidly embraced by the market as an alternative to the traditional public switched telephone network. The malicious attacks that can occur with this system is denial of service, impersonation or spoofing or toll  Ã‚  fraud.The best way to prevent this from happening is to add port security, cisco secure access control server, DHCP Snooping, Cisco firewall solutions and intrusion prevention. Data transit can also be used to protect the voice traffic over the wireless LAN’s. The risk mitigation for desktop/laptop is as followed is to target malware with automated defenses. One of the first line of defenses for any PC or laptop is to block or eliminate viruses, worms, spyware, and other malware, including Trojan downloaders and keystroke loggers, both on endpoints and at the gateway.Deploy anti-malware and filtering software for all email gateways, to prevent malware and spam from ever reaching the PC’s. Next you would want to patch your vulnerabilities as quickly as possible, create a password to access your PC or laptop. To really maximize security in a minimal amount of time, as part of the â€Å"acceptable use† policy, prohibit users from installing unauthorized software on PC’s or laptops (10 Ways to mitigate your security risk).

Refugee Blues

Positive Image| Negative Image| Effect| Some are living in mansions| Some are living in holes| This shows that while some people are very well off, others, like the refugees, have nowhere decent to live. | Evert spring it blossoms a new| Old passports cant do that| A tree can grow but a passport cant| Saw a poodle in a jacket fastened with a pin| But they weren’t German Jews my dear| Saying how pets get more luxuries then them| Saw fish swimming as if they were free| Only ten feet away | The fish have more freedom then them|Use of language| Example| Effect| Use of repetition| We cannot go there now, my dear, my dear cannot go there now. (â€Å"my dear† repeated in each stanza)| Emphasize how bad there situation is| Language conveying sadness or despair| Asked me politely to return next year, But where shall we go to-day my dear, where shall we go to-day? Makes us feel sympathetic to them | Language about the political situation and the behaviour of the officials| The co nsul banged the table and said: â€Å"if you've got no passport you’re officially dead†| The consul sounds cruel because he’s basically saying they are dead even though they are alive| Language about homelessness| Dreamed I saw a building with a thousand floors, a thousand floors; a thousand windows and a thousand doors; and not one of them was ours, my dear, not one of them was ours. Makes it sound like they are surrounded by so much shelter but they are not allowed in any of them| Language about war| Ten thousand soldiers marched to and fro. Looking for you and me, my dear, looking for you and me| Ten thousand soldiers are looking for two people- All the soldiers are looking for the Jews| | | | | | | Refugee blues- blues musicTen million souls (religious, holy, implies we are all the same) Society is unfair on the way it treats people (some are living in mansions, some are living in holes) Atlas – there not anywhere close to there home, Palestine or Ger many The natural world is in a continual state of renewal, they lost their passports and are no longer citizens They are told to wait and then come again next year – uncaring He compares the angry speeches by Hitler to he thunder in the sky The poodle and cat are treated better then the German views (they cant give the same care to their fellow human beings) Pathetic fallacy- the weather matches the mood of the poem (the snow) Refugee blues is very relevant today, the refugees in England DEJECTED – you've given up on life rejection and despair (dispirited, disheartened, poignant, depressing, Foreboding, mournful, despair, bitterness, resentment, anger)

Focusing Through Scattering Media With High Speed Characterization Engineering Essay

The formation of a focal point through a randomly dispersed dispersing medium proves to be hard because the incident light wave front is quickly destroyed inside this medium by multiple sprinkling. Controling light extension through dispersing media is of cardinal involvement in optics and critical for applications in biomedical imagination and stuffs review ( I. M. Vellekoop et Al, 2007 ) . The chief purpose of this undertaking is to optimise the wave front utilizing liquid crystal spacial visible radiation modulator ( LC-SLM ) and deformable mirror device ( DMD ) with high exchanging velocity. There are three chief grounds. First, driven by the demand of modern non-invasive optical imagination, which is still a great challenge to modern scientific discipline and engineering, the ability of concentrating visible radiation through extremely dispersing media can enable betterments in biological microscopy in biological tissue ( J. Aulbach et Al, 2011 ) . Second, the information about the initial wave front, though extremely scrambled, is non lost in the scattering field but can be retrieved by undoing the dispersing procedure by propagating through the turbid medium itself. Third, in order to enable dramatic betterments in imaging deepness and contrast, fast rate commanding wave front is necessary to get the better of the spot decorrelation times of populating biological stuffs. Our long term end is to find how fast we can optimise wave front with iterative techniques in order to acquire a better biological image with deep deepness. We try to carry through this possibility through the undermentioned aims: ( I ) Use iterative methods that divide the incident visible radiation on a scattering sample into N spacial input manners and utilize the estimated transmittal matrix to foretell the SLM input province that will optimise an end product province. ( two ) To seek a new high-velocity stage mask optimisation technique, which utilizes off-axis binary-amplitude comp uter-generated holography implemented on a deformable mirror device ( DMD ) with an optical strength detector like CCD camera supplying control feedback. We propose to utilize a assortment of stuffs of natural beginning like Rutile TiO2 and Chicken eggshell to verify the cosmopolitan pertinence of inversion of wave diffusion. The rational virtue of the proposed activity: This undertaking connects country of the optical imagination and biological tissues. And it provides a tract for get the better ofing the repeated sprinkling and intervention jobs, doing it possible to concentrate through cloudy media and enable an betterment in biological imagination. The broader impacts ensuing from the proposed activity: This undertaking will progress the basic techniques to fast control incident light wave front and acquire better biological image with deep deepness and contrast. This undertaking will besides plan user interface package designed in python linguistic communication, allowing it to be more convenient to detect biological tissues.Undertaking NARRATIVE/DESCRIPTIONI. Introduction or Specific Purposes:1 ) Motivation:Acquire clear and better image of high declaration by concentrating through dispersing media.2 ) Hypothesis:Word picture of high-scattering medium may be achieved by commanding wavefront transition via high exchanging rates modulator.3 ) Specific Aims:a ) Optimize the incident light wave front with Spatial Light Modulator ( SLM ) to concentrate an image through cloudy medium. Divide the incident visible radiation by iterative methods on a scattering sample into N spacial input manners. Use the estimated transmittal matrix to foretell the SLM input province that will optimise an end product province and step the strength of the visible radiation. B ) To seek a fast stage mask optimisation technique utilizing deformable mirror device ( DMD ) to get the better of the fast spot decorrelation times of biological tissues. Use off-axis holography implemented on a DMD with an optical strength detector like CCD camera supplying control feedback. Measure the exchanging velocity to obtain a high velocity word picture of dispersing media.4 ) Significance:This undertaking will progress the basic techniques to fast control incident light wave front and acquire better biological image with deep deepness and contrast. This undertaking can link country of the optical imagination and biological tissues. And it can supply a tract for get the better ofing the repeated sprinkling and intervention jobs, doing it possible to concentrate through cloudy media and enable an betterment in biological imagination.II. Background and Preliminary Surveies:Random sprinkling of light makes some stuffs like milk and biological tissues opaque. Repeated sprinkling and intervention in these stuffs distort the incident light wave fronts so strongly that all spacial coherency is lost ( 4 ) . Aberrances and random dispersing badly limit optical imagination in deep tissue. A figure of research groups have demonstrated optical focussing through dispersing media. Controling light extension through dispersing media is of cardinal involvement in optics and critical for applications in biomedical imagination and stuffs review ( I. M. Vellekoop et Al, 2007 ) . There is an increasing involvement in wavefront control techniques fo r concentrating through cloudy media ( I. M. Vellekoop et Al, 2008 ) . These methods chiefly depend on the deterministic nature of multiple dispersing to determine the incident wave front and pre-compensate for the scattering effects of light extension. Many researches use iterative methods that divide the incident visible radiation on a scattering sample into N spacial input manners ( M. Cui et Al, 2011 ) with a end of optimising strength at a point on the opposite side of the medium. An optical strength detector like CCD camera provides control feedback. Other iterative techniques optimize the input manners in analogue, therefore increasing the velocity at which the focal point is formed ( S. Popoff et Al, 2010 ) . Besides, there are some other techniques that measure the transmittal matrix through the scattering stuff ( G. Lerosey et Al, 2007 ) . In transmittal matrix optimisation the relationship between optical input and end product manners of the system is estimated from the e nsemble of N spacial visible radiation modulator ( SLM ) input provinces and N matching end product provinces. Using that relationship one can optimise focal point at any point in the mensural field. Optical or digital stage junction has besides been used to enter the scattered field and return a focussing beam through the turbid media ( M. Cui et Al, 2007 ) . The ability of concentrating visible radiation through extremely dispersing media can enable betterments in biological microscopy in biological tissue. Light dispersing limits the imaging deepness into biological stuffs, and it could be compensated via wave front control. However, populating biological stuffs have speckle decorrelation times on the msec timescale ( M. Cui et Al, 2007 ) . This fast rate of alteration is a large job for current methods of concentrating through turbid media because of exchanging rate restrictions imposed by the wavefront transition device. Recently many researches implement phase-only wavefront transition utilizing liquid crystal spacial visible radiation modulators ( LC-SLM ) ( I. M. Vellekoop et Al, 2007 ) , which is more efficient for making a focal point than amplitude lone transition ( I. Vellekoop et Al, 2010 ) . But the LC-SLMs shift velocity is limited by the rate at which the liquid crystals can aline in the device. Therefore, new high-speed techniques for optimising stage masks are required to implement concentrating through biological samples. We want to seek a new high-velocity stage mask optimisation technique, which utilizes off-axis binary-amplitude computer-generated holography implemented on a deformable mirror device ( DMD ) ( D. Dudley et Al, 2003 ) and demonstrate wave front finding about one order of magnitude faster than the anterior province of the art. Furthermore, the transportation matrix attack provides a general and thorough word picture of the dispersing medium that non merely allows for the focussing on a given point in infinite but besides enables the finding of wave fronts for other optical processing applications ( G. Lerosey et Al, 2008 ) . The deformable mirror device ( Figure 1. a ) is a critical constituent of an adaptative ocular system. It is used to use the rectification to the distorted wave front. In current systems the deformable mirror device is the most expens ive constituent. Recent technological progresss have presented alternate engineerings for deformable mirror devices. Three engineerings: liquid crystals, stacked piezoelectrics, and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems. The MEMS shows peculiar promise. MicroElectroMechanical Systems ( MEMS ) deformable mirrors are presently the most widely used engineering in wavefront defining applications given their versatility, adulthood of engineering, and the high-resolution wave front rectification that they afford. Using advanced, cheap fabrication engineering, the public presentation strengths of MEMS DMs are built-in to micromachining: a ) Thousands of Actuators: big actuator arrays allow for high-resolution wave front rectification. B ) Sophisticated Surface Control: advanced microstructures minimize the influence between neighbouring actuators, allowing high frequence forms on the mirror surface and doing high order rectification possible. degree Celsius ) High Speed: optimized design enable s rapid wave front determining for high-velocity applications. After optimized by deformable mirrors device ( Figure 1. B ) , we want to utilize wavefront detector to mensurate the strength sweetening of the focal point and so give feedback to the computing machine to command the wavefront transition. We try to utilize the adaptative optics system ( Figure 1. degree Celsius ) . Adaptive optics systems comprise three chief elements: a ) Wavefront detector: measures the stage aberrance in the optical wave front. B ) Deformable mirror: adjusts its place to rectify for the aberrance. degree Celsius ) Control system: receives measurings from the detector and calculates the disciplinary motion of the deformable mirror.III. Experiment Approach:1 ) Using Python linguistic communication to command the CCD ( Charge-coupled Device ) camera and get the dynamic image of an object with demoing the strength of the visible radiation. Experimental design and principle. We will utilize Pike F-032B/C camera which is fixed on experiment tabular array to acquire the images after concentrating by certain focal lens. The Pike F-032B/C is a really fast VGA camera with premium image quality and a fast FireWire 1394b interface that can be connected with the computing machine easy. It is equipped with a Kodak KAI-0340 CCD detector. At full declaration, it runs 208 Federal Protective Service. Higher frame rates can be reached by a smaller AOI ( Automatic Optic Inspection ) , binning ( b/w ) , or sub-sampling. Programing in Python linguistic communication will command the camera to put up the exposure clip, take image and besides save the images as a certain file. The image that we take is 8-bit with a colour scope from 0 to 255 which means that ruddy is of high strength while bluish is of low strength. We will utilize python to change over it into 16-bit which is of high quality than former one. Besides, we will make an interface window for the user to command the camera comfortably ( see figure1 ( degree Celsius ) ) . 2 ) Use SLM ( Spatial Light Modulator ) to steer and concentrate visible radiation through dispersing stuffs by spatially determining the wave front of the incident optical maser beam. Experiment apparatus and design. A elaborate schematic of the experiment is shown in Figure1 ( a ) . A polarized optical maser beam with a wavelength of 488 nanometer is expanded by a factor of 9 utilizing the spacial filter formed by L1, L2 and projected onto the spacial visible radiation modulator ( SLM ) with an extra 2x magnification. The strength of the optical maser is reduced by a impersonal denseness filter and mulct adjusted utilizing a combination of a rotatable half moving ridge home base ( HWP ) and a polarizer ( PBS1 ) . The beam is shaped spatially utilizing a brooding phase-only SLM. The pels of the SLM are grouped into 50A-50 square sections. The SLM is connected to the digital picture interface ( DVI ) end product of a picture artworks card in the Personal computer. The search tabular array in the SLM hardware was configured so that grey values of 0-255 correspond to phase holds of 0 ~ ( 255/128 ) Iˆ severally. The computing machine sets the stage for each of the sections. The SLM and all other hardware are controlled by usage ActiveX constituents written in C linguistic communication. Hardware acceleration is used to accomplish existent clip ( 60 frames per second ) public presentation. The constituents were ‘wired together ‘ in the scripting linguistic communication Python to command different experiments. A lens and a 10x microscope nonsubjective image the surface of the SLM onto the surface of the pupa. The front surface is in the focal plane of microscope nonsubjective O1. The back surface of the pupa is imaged onto a CCD camera utilizing nonsubjective O2 and lens L6. We defined a mark country on the camera, matching to a circle with a diameter of 0.5 I?m on the sample surface. The computing machine plan integrates the camera strength over this mark country to supply a feedback signal for the algorithm. The moving ridge is optimized continuously and the breakdown algorithm dynamically follows alterations in the spot form. How good the alterations can be followed is quantified by the ratio of the continuity clip of the spot Tp to the clip needed for a individual loop of the algorithm Ti. The theoretically accomplishable sweetening for this algorithm peers I ·= 0.5Tp/Ti, when the figure of modulator sections N is big plenty ( N & gt ; & gt ; Tp/Ti ) . 3 ) Use a phase-control holographic technique via deformable mirror device ( DMD ) that can be updated at high informations rates enabling high velocity wave front measurings to qualify dispersing media with the intent of concentrating visible radiation through it. Experiment apparatus and design. A collimated and expanded 532 nanometers laser illuminates the DMD, which consists of an array of 1024Ãâ€"768 mirrors, as shown in Figure1 ( B ) . We use N = 256 or 1024 inputs to a individual end product manners defined by the photodetector. To implement the transmittal matrix measuring method with the DMD we generate 768 binary amplitude holographs for N = 256, or 3072 holographs for N = 1024. The experimental diffraction efficiency of the holograph with the DMD was 6-10 % of the incident power. All holographs are loaded onto the DMD memory, which in concurrence with high-velocity package, allows for DMD control at maximal frame rate. A Fourier transforming lens is placed one focal length off from the DMD. An flag placed after this lens in the Fourier plane blocks all diffraction orders, except for the 1st diffraction order, where the stage mask information is encoded. The 1st order visible radiation is so propagated through another Fourier transforming lens, which images the stage mask at the back aperture of a 20X ( NA = 0.5 ) aim lens that focuses the beam onto the scattering sample. A 100X ( NA = 0.75 ) aim images a plane ~1 millimeter behind the dispersing sample onto a 50 I?m pinhole placed before a photodetector. The back aim and the pinhole size are selected to fit the pinhole to the speckle size of the visible radiation scattered by the sample. The photodetector electromotive force is digitized and sent to the computing machine, where it is used to cipher the transmittal matrix through the dispersing stuff to the individual end product manner. A Python plan controls all system calculation and synchronism. By utilizing a photodetector the strength measuring is oversampled in clip and an mean value is used for the strength step to filtrate noise. A non-polarizing beamsplitter placed after the tubing lens and before the pinhole creates a 2nd image plane on a CCD array for imaging the focal point topographic point. We try to utilize the adaptative optics system to carry through this aim. Wavefront detector will mensurate the stage aberrance in the optical wave front. Deformable mirror can set its place to rectify for the aberrance. And the control system will have measurings from the detector and cipher the disciplinary motion of the deformable mirror.IV. Expected Results and Broader Impact:1 ) Expected Consequences:We expect that precise control of diffuse visible radiation can be possible utilizing an optimum, noiterative algorithm and that visible radiation can be directed through opaque objects to organize one or multiple focal point. Besides, reverse wave diffusion can hold applications in imagination and light bringing in dispersing media, perchance including metal nano-structures. We expect that high velocity wavefront optimisation for concentrating through turbid media utilizing a DMD with off-axis binary amplitude holography for stage control and the transmittal matrix method adapted t o the undertaking. With this attack we demonstrated an order of magnitude betterment in measurement velocity over the current fastest wavefront finding method ( I. M. Cui et al,2010 ) and three orders of magnitude betterment over LC-SLM methods ( I. M. Vellekoop et al,2007 ) . This undertaking will besides plan user interface package designed in python linguistic communication, allowing it to be more convenient to detect biological tissues.2 ) Broader Impact:This undertaking can link country of the optical imagination and biological tissues. And it can supply a tract for get the better ofing the repeated sprinkling and intervention jobs, doing it possible to concentrate through cloudy media and enable an betterment in biological imagination. This undertaking will progress the basic techniques to fast control incident light wave front and acquire better biological image with deep deepness and contrast. This method should hold plenty velocity to get the better of the fast spot decorrelation times of biological samples and bring forth plenty concentrating power for a assortment of biomedical detection and imagination applications.Table 1. Conjectural Measured Intensity Enhancement for Different MaterialsSampleL ( um )NitrogenRutile TiO2 Chicken eggshellaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦Figure CaptionFigure 1. a ) The large-scale deformable mirror uses MEMS-like constituents. The electrically-grounded spring bed is deformed by electrostatic attractive force to electrodes on the base bed. Its gesture is translated to the mirror through a set of stations. B ) A deformable mirror can be used to rectify wavefront mistakes. degree Celsius ) A conventional diagram of the adaptative optics system with each of these elements. Figure2 ( a ) Detailed schematic of the wave front determining setup. Figure2 ( B ) Mirror cells of DMD. Figure2 ( degree Celsius ) Python designed user interface. Figure1 ( vitamin D ) Apparatus for concentrating through dispersing media. Figure 1 Basic Construction of Deformable Mirror Device and Adaptive Optics System Figure 2 The schematic of the wave front determining setup and apparatusMentions CITEDJournal of the Optical Society of America, 2011 ISI Impact Factor: 2.185 1. I. M. Vellekoop and A. P. Mosk, â€Å" Concentrating coherent visible radiation through opaque strongly dispersing media, † Opt. Lett. 32 ( 16 ) , 2309-2311 ( 2007 ) . 2. I. M. Vellekoop, A. Lagendijk, and A. P. Mosk, â€Å" Exploiting upset for perfect focussing, † Nat. Photonics 4 ( 5 ) , 320-322 ( 2010 ) . 3. J. Aulbach, B. Gjonaj, P. M. Johnson, A. P. Mosk, and A. Lagendijk, â€Å" Control of light transmittal through opaque dispersing media in infinite and clip, † Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 ( 10 ) , 103901 ( 2011 ) . 4. P. Sebbah, ed. , Waves and Imaging through Complex Media ( Kluwer, 2001 ) . 5. I. M. Vellekoop and A. P. Mosk, â€Å" Phase control algorithms for concentrating visible radiation through cloudy media, † Opt. Commun. 281 ( 11 ) , 3071-3080 ( 2008 ) . 6. M. Cui, â€Å" Parallel wavefront optimisation method for concentrating visible radiation through random dispersing media, † Opt. Lett. 36 ( 6 ) , 870-872 ( 2011 ) . 7. S. Popoff, G. Lerosey, M. Fink, A. C. Boccara, and S. Gigan, â€Å" Image transmittal through an opaque stuff, † Nat Commun 1 ( 6 ) , 81 ( 2010 ) . 8. G. Lerosey, J. de Rosny, A. Tourin, and M. Fink, â€Å" Concentrating beyond the diffraction bound with far-field clip reversal, † Science 315 ( 5815 ) , 1120-1122 ( 2007 ) . 9. I. Vellekoop and C. Aegerter, â€Å" Concentrating visible radiation through life tissue, † San Francisco, California, USA, SPIE 7554, 755430 ( 2010 ) . 10. M. Cui and C. Yang, â€Å" Execution of a digital optical stage junction system and its application to analyze the hardiness of turbidness suppression by stage junction, † Opt. Express 18 ( 4 ) , 3444-3455 ( 2010 ) . 11. D. Dudley, W. Duncan, and J. Slaughter, â€Å" Emerging digital micromirror device ( DMD ) applications, † Proc. SPIE 4985, 14-25 ( 2003 ) .Budget and JustificationSUMMARY PROPOSAL BUDGETaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆFOR NSF USE ONLY ORGANIZATION University of Georgia Research Foundation Inc PROPOSAL NO. DURATION ( months ) Proposed PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/ PROJECT DIRECTOR Peter Kner AWARD NO.aˆˆA. Senior Forces: PI/PD, CO-PI ‘S, Faculty and Other Senior Associates ( List each individually with rubric, A.7. show figure in brackets ) NSF Funded person-months Fundss Requested by suggester CAL ACAD SUMR 1. Peter Kner – Pi 1.00 0.00 0.00 8,941 2.aˆˆaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆ3. 4. 5. 6. ( 0 ) OTHERS ( LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET JUSITIFICATION PAGE ) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7. ( 1 ) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL ( 1-6 ) 1.00 0.00 0.00 B. OTHER PERSONNEL ( SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS ) 1. ( 0 ) POST DOCTORAL SCHOLARS 2. ( 0 ) OTHER PROFESSIONALS ( TEHCNICIAN ) 3. ( 1 ) Alumnus Students 4. ( 0 ) UNDERGRAUDATE Students 5. ( 0 ) SECRETARIAL – CLERICAL ( IF CHARGED DIRECTLY )aˆˆ6. ( 0 ) OTHERSaˆˆEntire SALARIES AND WAGES ( A + B ) 27,433 C. FRINGE BENEFITS ( IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS ) 2,200 Entire SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS ( A + B + C ) 29,633 D. EQUIPEMNT ( LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $ 5,000. )aˆˆSLM 20,000 aˆˆ DMD 30,000 Entire EQUIPMENTaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆ50,000 E. TRAVEL 1. DOMENSTIC ( INCL. CANADA, MEXICO AND U.S. POSSESSIONS ) 2,000 2. FOREIGN 0 F. PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTSaˆˆ1. STIPENDS$0aˆˆ2. Travel 0aˆˆ3.SUBSISTENCE 0aˆˆ4. OTHERaˆˆ0aˆˆEntire NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS ( 0 ) Sum PARICIPANT COSTS 0 G. OTHER DIRECT COSTSaˆˆ1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES 17,600 2. PUBLICATION COSTS/ DOCUMENTATION/ DISSEMINATIONaˆˆ3. CONSULTANT SERVICESaˆˆ4. Computer SERVIESaˆˆ5. SUBAWARDSaˆˆ6. OTHERaˆˆTOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS 17,600 H. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS ( A THROUGH G ) 49,233 I. Indirect COSTS ( F & A ; A ) ( SPECIFY RATE AND BASE )aˆˆEntire INDIRECT COSTS ( F & A ; A ) 0 J. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS ( H + I ) 49,233 K. RESIDUAL FUNDS 0 L. AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST ( J ) OR ( J MINUS K ) 49,233 M. COST SHARING PROPOSED LEVEL $ 0 AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT $ PI/PD NAME FOR NSF USE ONLY Peter Kner Indirect COST RATE VERIFICATION ORG. REP. NAME Date Checked Date of Rate SheetaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆBudget JustificationA.1.Dr. Peter Kner, Director, will work one person-months on the undertaking at an hourly rate of $ 51.58/hr.1 months * 173.33hrs/month * $ 51.58/hr = $ 8,941B.3.Two other forces will work on the undertaking.2 Alumnus Students1person*12 months * $ 1541/month = $ 18,492C. Fringe Benefits8 % TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES ( A+B ) is used to cover periphery benefits.$ 1,700 for medical benefits$ 500 for alveolar consonant and visionD.1.Spatial visible radiation modulator $ 20,000Deformable mirror device $ 30,000E.1.Travel and Communication $ 2,000G.1. Materials and SuppliesMaterials/Supplies Cost/unit Units CostChemical Samples $ 120/unit 100units $ 12000.00Electronicss $ 200/unit 3 units $ 600.00Turbid media $ 500/unit 10 units $ 5000.00$ 17,600.00

Remote-Robotic Surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Remote-Robotic Surgery - Essay Example Later few other robots were invented and used in the processes of surgeries. The first surgical robot that was approved by FDA was ROBODOC. The process of research and development still continues in the present times (Valero et al, 2011, pp.2-3). In the context of the technology, studies reveal that the use of surgical remote robots enables the need for lesser number of surgeons and medical professionals in the conduct of any surgery. Thus surgeries may be able to be performed from remote locations as well. Doctors will only need to learn to handle the arms of the robots through the computerized systems. This might also lower the costs of the surgeries. Moreover the technique provides with improved capability of precision and the patients are also less traumatized with this process (Bonsor & Strickland, 2012). Thus it can be said that remote-robotic surgeries have certain advantages over the conventional surgery methods. Patients may get attached to robots, the withdrawal of which might affect the patients. The feelings or emotions of the patients would not be able to be judged by the robots. The robots would not be able to handle a patient if he is angry and does not cooperate with the treatment or medication. When called by several users, the robots may not be able to decide on prioritizing the necessity of the calls (Lin, Abney & Bekey, 2012, pp.22-23). Thus it can be understood that a robot cannot be depended completely for the process of surgery or treatment. Being so, the use of robots in medical practice cannot be considered as morally and ethically correct. Considering the levels of patient satisfaction, the political influences reflect on the process of remote-robotic surgery getting more improved and accepted in the medical practices, with the advantages being focused (Gun Control, 2012). The legal issues include the cost of the robotic technology

BA Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BA Case - Essay Example Most of the customers prefer the products that are natural. Anti-aging products and men’s skin care products have become popular in the last few years and are gaining visibility in the marketplace. Because of these trends, skin cares share of total industry revenue has grown during the last five years. Burt’s Bees has strategically positioned itself in the industry as a manufacturer of natural products. However, the company faces threats of stiff competition from companies such as Kiss My Face, Jason Natural Products, Nature’s Gate, and Tom’s of Maine. Three of these companies, including Burt’s Bees, are now owned by larger companies with a wide range of product offerings. Ordinarily, there is need for the products that that are natural and organic. This is because most of the consumers have become aware of the effects of chemicals on the skin that causes cancer in the long run. This makes them not to buy most of such products. However, Burt’s and Bees’ is on the competitive advantage since it sales organic products that the customers love. The strategic positioning of the brand enables it to beat its competitors. Burt’s Bees is an earth friendly, all natural skin care company that strives to do good for humans, bees, and the planet . The company has also opportunity in increasing innovation through the advancement of technology. In contrast, Clorox Company is a brand primarily known for its bleach productsÍ ¾ Toxic chemicals that can harm the environment. The acquisition of Burt’s Bees by Clorox was part of the company’s strategy to focus on creating value by investing in new and existing categories that were consistent with consumer trends in areas of health and wellness, sustainability, convenience, and a multicultural marketplace. Clorox has helped Burt and Bees to raise the existing brands by innovation, expand into adjacent product categories, enter new sales channels, and pursue new businesses in growing markets where it could gain and

Bacterial cells Quantification Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bacterial cells Quantification - Lab Report Example Additionally, the information provided by this can be used to discover the effect of an enzyme on bacterial cell count – if an enzyme increases reproduction or lyses cells, this is discoverable by comparison to the absorbance graph created using known concentrations. In this experiment, the activity of lysozyme is studied. Lysozyme is the name of a glycoside hydrolase which damages cell walls by catalysing hydrolysis of the links between two key components of peptidoglycan – N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (Pommerville, 2007). It is notable that lysozyme is present in many human excretions, such as saliva and tears, and this forms one of the body’s many natural antimicrobial techniques. It is also notable that lysozyme is more effective against Gram-positive cells because the cell walls of these bacteria have a higher concentration of peptidoglycan (Pommerville, 2007). An additional experiment was performed to test the effect of certain antibiotic s on bacterial cells. This is always an important test because of the current crisis in clinical practice due to the increasing amount of bacteria that are highly resistant to many or all of the available antibiotics (Neu, 1992). This can be done in several ways, but antibiotic disc sensitivity testing is particularly useful as it allows a test of several antibiotics on one sample of organism, allowing us to be certain that all the microbes are the same and thus reducing the possibility of false results. Results Antibiotic Effect on Various Bacteria Antibiotic/Dose Escherichia coli (-) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-) Staphylococcus aureus (+) Bacillus subtilis (+) AP/25?g S R S S GM/10?g S S R S PY/100?g S R S S NA/30?g S R S R NI/50?g R R S S SM/200?g R R R R T/100?g S R S R TS/25?g S R S S NI at a dose of 50?g is effective only against Gram-positive microbes. TS at a dose of 25?g and T at a dose of 100?g, as well as NA at 30?g, PY at 100?g, GM at 10?g and AP at 25?g all appear to be ef fective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Micrococcus lysodeikticus Concentration vs. Absorbance at 450nm Micrococcus lysodeikticus (cells/ml) Absorbance at 450nm 0 0.000 6.25 x 106 0.406 1.25 x 107 0.274 2.5 x 107 0.301 5.0 x 107 0.455 1.0 x 108 0.870 Unknown 0.599 The general trend appears to be that absorbance is higher with a higher concentration of cells per ml. Absorbance = (0.000000008 * cell concentration) + 0.21 We can thus work out the unknown value by rearranging this formula – Absorbance – 0.21 = 0.000000008 * cell concentration Cell concentration = (Absorbance – 0.21)/0.000000008 Unknown = 48625000 or 4.8625 x 107 Effects of Lysozyme Solution on Viable Cell Count – Shown Using Absorbance Time (minutes) Absorbance of the M. Lysodeikticus standard containing 5.0 x 107 cells/ml 0 0.414 3 0.350 6 0.337 9 0.333 12 0.320 15 0.300 The longer the cells are left in the lysozyme solution, the less absorbance is shown. Discussion A s noted in the discussion, lysozyme is more effective as a antimicrobial towards Gram-positive cells due to the larger amounts of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of these organisms. As can be seen here, lysozyme has a very distinct effect on the absorbance measurements from the M. lysodeikticus standard which increase substantially with time, suggesting that there are less viable cells the longer the organism is left in the presence of

International Business in the News Write-Up Article

International Business in the News Write-Up - Article Example Information provided in this article blends well with the issues covered in class about the EU debt crisis in general. MAIN IDEAS IN THE ARTICLE In this article, Tzortzinis explores the current economic crisis in Greece since its inception, the role played by its ratification to the European Union Agreements and attempts that have been made to rescue the situation including political changes and proposed in the EU agreements. RELATION OF THE ARTICLE’S IDEAS TO MATERIALS DISCUSSED IN CLASS Tzortzinis provides an in-depth analysis of the economic situation in Greece and the actions that have been taken and currently being contemplated in rescuing the country’s economy from the eminent collapse. The author discusses the country’s economic crisis that has brought the Greek’s government down, increased social unrest, and eventually threatened not only the country’s future in the EU but also the future of the euro. This information closely relates to the video entitled â€Å"Greek Debt Crisis Adds New Gravity to U.S. Deficit.† Information of particular interest in this article revolves around the current attempts by the new Greece government to re-negotiate the bailout agreements reached by the previous government with the EU economic giants such as German and France. Tzortzinis discusses the debt restructuring deal reached by EU officials in March 2012 in which the private sector lenders are greatly involved. The discussion supports the discussion on the implication of the Greece economic crisis on the U.S. economy because the deal poses significant threat to the U.S. economy due to its economic interest within the Eurozone. It is argued that the debt restructuring deal does not have the potential to solve the country’s economy crisis. This is because the deal exposes opens the journey for the country to languish in a chain of debts with limited economic growth prospects. In the video, â€Å"Greek Debt Crisis Adds Ne w Gravity to U.S. Deficit.† Jacob Kirkegaard, one of the respondents to Judy Woodruff’s questions, expresses significant concerns on the restructuring deal reached by the European officials in which he says that it is likely to trigger a situation in the country’s economy similar to that of the U.S. 2008 financial crisis. According to Kirkergaard, the proposed bond issue strategy has far- reaching implications to the global financial system including the U.S. economy. As asserted by the economists in the video discuss, any default experienced in the Greek domestic banking system is likely to be experienced in other countries like Spain, Portugal and Ireland. These views are clearly expressed by Tzortzinis in his article. He expresses views that support the argument presented by Kirkergaard, in which the steps taken by the troika are unlikely to resolve the economic crisis in Greece simply because the country’s debts will continue to grow at the expense of the troika’s interests. Therefore, most of the information presented in the selected article tends to provide a strong background support to the ideas presented in the video watched in class and the class discussions on the potential impact of the Greek debt crisis on the U.S. economy. In the video featuring Professor David Cameron on the EU debt crisis, views similar to those presented by Tzortzinis arise in which the debt crisis faced by EU members

Final paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Final - Research Paper Example Though the law enforcement officials have tried their best to set forth strict regulations and norms but the crime rate in this particular city is considered to be five times higher in comparison to national average as per 2005 statistics. According to CQ Press’s City Crime Rankings, Indianapolis was rated 33rd as the most dangerous city. The rate of crime has increased dramatically in this city and there are around 52.2 per 100,000 forcible rapes taking place in the city. This study would not only deal with the homicide cases that are prevalent in Indianapolis but would also highlight other criminal cases which is taking place in the famous city. The major aim of this research study is to outline certain policies which would prevent such criminal instances that are violating the overall environment of Indianapolis. This study would be conducted from the perspective of a criminologist serving for the Task Force which has been framed by the Mayor of the city so as to reduce the rate of violence witnessed by the city. On the other hand the research study will also reveal the potential causes for the violence and the trend of violence so as to formulate appropriate policies for violence reduction. The study would encompass a critical analysis of the increasing trend of violence in Indianapolis. The research aim and objectives form the basis on which the entire study is conducted. This study would be based on behavioral analysis of the increasing violence which is taking place in Indianapolis. The major aim of the study is to analyze the various forms of crimes occurring in the city and to set forth policies in order to reduce the rate of violence. The objectives of the research study are: The research question for the study would be – â€Å"what are the potential causes behind such rising criminal cases in Indianapolis and what can be the most appropriate policies in order to reduce such

Critically analyse the specific nursing care of the woman undergoing Essay

Critically analyse the specific nursing care of the woman undergoing emergency caesarean section,2500 words - Essay Example The anatomy and physiological changes referring to pregnancy will also be established, especially in terms of anaesthesia. My role in preoperative care, preparation of the room and equipment, as well as the positioning of the patient will be included in this essay. Body The needs of the individual patient in this case would refer to the operating room needs, with an operating room made ready, the assisting nurse scrubbed and gowned, and the appropriate instrument tray prepared. Informing the appropriate team for the caesarean section would also be essential (Murray and Huelsmann, 2009). Individuals requiring notice would be the operative assistant, the charge nurse, the nursing supervisor, the anaesthesiologist, the OR team, and paediatrician. Information to be transmitted would include indications, how immediate the surgery needs to be, the gestational age of the mother, major pregnancy problems, medications given in labour, and allergies (Murray and Huelsmann, 2009). It is also imp ortant for the anaesthesia machine and a radiant warmer to be set up in the OR. The roles of the nurses also need to be assigned. As soon as the patient delivers, sponge counts and instrument counts would have to be undertaken (Murray and Huelsmann, 2009). Post-operative care is also in order, after appropriate un-scrubbing procedures carried out. The patient is then wheeled into the recovery room, monitored based on doctor recommended intervals. Monitoring of bleeding and infection is also needed, along with the administration of due medications, including antibiotics and pain medications (Littleton and Engebretson, 2005). It is important for the nurse to participate completely in the nursing care of the caesarean section patient because emergency caesarean sections imply an immediate procedure which is threatened by possible foetal or maternal distress or any other issues or complications of pregnancy (Iyer, et.al., 2006). The assistance of the nurse is essential in these cases in order to ensure a speedy, safe, and efficient delivery. It would allow for the efficient use of hospital resources with the ultimate goal of achieving improved and stable patient outcomes. It is also the responsibility of the nurse to assist the anaesthesiologist during the induction of the anaesthesia as well as the monitoring of the patient during the surgery, mostly in terms of vital signs monitoring or any adverse reactions to the anaesthesia (Maaloe, et.al., 2012). Spinal anaesthesia is usually preferred over general anaesthesia for caesarean patients. Although both anaesthesia techniques provide effective anaesthesia during the delivery, spinal anaesthesia provides more benefits for both the mother and the infant. In a review by Krisanaprakornkit (2006), the author established that both methods proved effective in providing anaesthesia. For spinal anaesthesia, the surgery can be initiated sooner, however the risk of hypotension requiring treatment seems apparent in spinal ana esthesia. General anaesthesia also offers better postoperative control (Ng, et.al., 2004). In relation to other postoperative outcomes, including nausea, postoperative back pain, postdural puncture headache, no effective or definitive conclusion could be established (Krisanaprakornkit, 2006). Regional

Grammar and Irrelevant Material Detracts Essay Example for Free

Grammar and Irrelevant Material Detracts Essay 1. Writing too much. Some students think the suggested page limits are just a general guideline, and its a good idea to go over them. Usually it isnt. While a professor may not mind a paper thats slightly above the limit, especially if the content is good, students who go on and on show a lack of discipline and focus that usually dooms their work. [Read 10 Secrets to College Success.] 2. Writing too little. Its common for professors to encounter papers that trail off well short of the minimum page limit. This is often a sign that the student just doesnt know enough about the topic, hasnt put enough thought into what he or she is going to say, or merely gestures at key points rather than explaining them in detail. If you find your paper is coming up short, do more working. 3. Not answering the question. Some students view the paper assignment as a chance to free-associate. They consider the question or task assigned by the professor as more of a suggestion (or prompt) of something to talk about, rather than a focused request for discussion of a specific issue. Professors, especially ones who have spent hours writing up the assignment, dont view this kindly. In our experience, students lose more points from not answering the question than for making errors in what they write. 4. Including irrelevant material. Its a continual mystery to professors why some students feel compelled to include material that clearly isnt relevant to the paper. From time to time, we even see a confession that these items arent really relevant, but they seemed so important that I somehow had to get them in. Resist the urge to throw extraneous material into your paper. Writing a good paper is a matter of judgment ­Ã¢â‚¬â€about what to take out as well as what to put in—and irrelevant material detracts from the overall quality of your paper. 5. Lacking a thesis. All college papers should have a thesis—that is, an overarching idea or point—clearly set out at the beginning, around which the paper centers. It neednt be something complex or obscure, just a statement of the main point: the one-sentence answer you would give to the question, if you had to answer in just one sentence. Funny how its hard to write when you havent figured out in your own mind what your single main point will be. (Again, judgment plays a key role here.) 6. Not having a direction of argument. College papers need to have an order of presentation: a carefully thought-out logic in which each point follows the previous one with some reason. This creates a feeling in the reader that the paper is proceeding in an orderly fashion toward some goal. Its frustrating for a professor to read a paper in which he or she has no idea why some point is being made now, and not even a clue about what point might come next. No reader likes the feeling of stumbling around in the dark. 7. Including sentences that do no work. All the sentences in your paper should make some definite contribution to developing and proving your thesis. Sentences that do something, that have some muscle, play a real role in advancing your main argument. Sentences like: The Civil War was an important event in American history or In this paper I will be discussing a number of issues relating to the Civil War should be eliminated without hesitation. 8. Not writing in paragraphs (or writing in one-sentence paragraphs). Paragraphs are the building blocks of any paper and its critical to construct a paper using paragraphs of about four to five sentences each. Who wants a single, ginormous building block? And college papers arent like some newspaper articles in which each paragraph is just one sentence. Youre expecting to develop a (small) thought, even within a paragraph, and no one can do that in one sentence. 9. Making errors in spelling and grammar. College professors dont always consciously take off for spelling and grammatical errors, but its hard to give an A to a paper that shows great carelessness in preparation. Were in the age of automated spelling and grammar check. Surely you can recognize those red and green squiggles on your screen and fix them. (And while youre at it, proofread your paper the old-fashioned way: with your eyes. No spell checker will catch those annoying wrong words or homonyms.)

Babies Infants Knowledge

Babies Infants Knowledge Claims about infant number competence contrast with claims of toddler ignorance. Consider explanations of the discrepancy. 1- Introduction: This essay will explore the researches which claim that babies are born with a predisposition to learn about objects and numerosities. It also aims to understand the issues that why some psychologists are still unconvinced about inborn knowledge. And if babies are so smart, why are preschoolers so ignorant? The question is to what extent is the sense of numbers innate and to what extent is it learned? Piaget used observational and informal experiments to study infants. He denied the existence of innate knowledge. Early Piaget experiments (1942) described that infants are born with no understanding of numerosity. He argued that the number concept is built from previously existing sensorimotor intelligence. In contrast, recent researchers argue that sensitivity to number is innate and even young infants possess strikingly mature reasoning abilities in the numerical domain. Vygotsky (1978) pointed out â€Å" childrens learning begins long before they enter school they have had to deal with operations of division, addition, subtraction, and the determination of size. Consequently, children have their own preschool arithmetic, which only myopic psychologists could ignore† (p. 84). Similarly, recent experiments have shown that infants between 4 to 7 months are able to discriminate two items from three items, but not 4 items from 6 items (Starkey et al 1983). In 1992, Karen Wynn argued that â€Å"human infants can discriminate between different small numbers of items† (p.749). Wynn used differences in looking times as evidence of knowledge. Similar logic in Baillargeon’s (2004) studies of infants is reported. In contrast to claims about infant capabilities and predispositions, recent studies of toddlers (preschoolers) suggest slow development and gradual understanding of numerical skill. Now we will discuss the researches which claim about infants’ knowledge of number competence contrast with claims of toddler ignorance. 2- Studies which claim about human infants’ knowledge of number competence: 2.1- Wynn’s approach: In 1992, Karen Wynn, came up with the idea of using a technique called Preferential Looking Time (PLT) to study the mathematical abilities in babies. Wynn took advantage of the fact that infants will gape, eyes wide with surprise, at things they dont expect to see, to show that babies as young as five to ten months old can add and subtract small numbers. In her experiment Wynn (1992) shows the baby a Mickey Mouse doll and then places it behind a screen. As the baby continues to watch, the researcher places a second Mickey behind the same screen. In half the trials, she then uses a hidden trapdoor to remove one of the dolls. Then screen drops and Wynn found that babies stared much longer when only one Mickey doll is there. They had apparently expected to see two. But were the babies really calculating one plus one equals two? Or did they simply realise that one plus one had to equal something more than one? To answer that question, Wynn tried the babies on one plus one equals three. The babies were appropriately surprised when three dolls appeared from behind the screen rather than two. According to Wynn (1992), â€Å"infants possess true numerical concepts- they have access to the ordering of and numerical relationships between small numbers and can manipulate these concepts in numerically meaningful way† (p750). Wynn argued that looking for longer time at the wrong results of 1+1 and 2-1 is evidence that infants have innate number knowledge. There are many questions which need explanations e.g. were infants surprised or familiar? Were they responding to differences in quantity or numerosity? Can infants really add and subtract? etc. Leslie B. Cohen and Kathryn S. Marks in ‘How infants process addition and subtraction events’ mentioned†¦. â€Å"Wynn has argued that infants are not only sensitive to number; they are able to manipulate small numerosities. She pointed out three major claims about infants’ abilities: Infants understand the numerical value of small collections of objects. Infants’ knowledge is general and can be applied to varying items and different modalities (for example, Starkey, Spelke, Gelman, 1990). Infants are able to reason at the ordinal level and compute the result of simple arithmetic problems (i.e., add and subtract)† (P.5-6). Wynn (1990) argued that children learn the meanings of smaller number words before larger ones within their counting range, up to the number three or four and by the age of 3  ½ years they can learn cardinal principle. But in everyday life we are failed to provide the evidence regarding the competence in early years of life. There is no doubt that many studies reported that children have an innate understanding of the basic counting but many other studies which do not support these findings. 2.2- Starkey, Spelke, Gelman approach: In 1990, Starkey, Spelke, Gelman found that infants between ages 4 and 7 ½ months can differentiate two items from three, but not 4 items from 6. In this study, 7 month old infants were presented with two photographs of two or three items accompanied with two or three drumbeats. Starkey et al.’s criterion was same as Wynn’s (difference in looking time).The infants looked significantly longer at the photos with the number of items matching the number of drumbeats. This study did not tell us that infants perceived that 2 is more than 1 or 3 is more than 2. The ability to understand even small numerosity from the early months of life seems to suggest that there is an innate mechanism for number which forms the basis for further development of numerical skills and abilities. Starky et al. (1990) interpreted these results as evidence that infants can recognize the number distinctions both in audio and visual display. This research is also controversial. There are contrasting claims which abandon ideas of competence. According to Mix, Huttenlocher, and Levine (1996), â€Å"it has been claimed that acquisition of the conventional number system is guided by preverbal numerical competencies available in infancy (Gallistel Gelman, 1992; Gelman, 1991).Thus, if infants have an abstract number concept, this should be evident in early childhood† (p.1593). Mix, Huttenlocher, and Levine (1996), using a procedure adapted for preschoolers, found that three-year-olds were unable to correctly match auditory to visual numerosity. 3- Studies which deny the claim of human infants’ knowledge of number competence: 3.1- Mix, Huttenlocher, and Levine approach: Mix, Huttenlocher and Levine (1996) tested infants, toddlers and preschool children from a variety of backgrounds to see at what age they began to recognize the connection between repeated sounds and similar numbers of objects before them and when infants and children begin grasping the basic concepts of mathematics. They conducted three experiments to find out whether preschool children could do significantly well on similar tasks as used by Starkey et al.’s (1990) infants studies. They found that infants were unable to make the audio-visual matches but could make visual-visual matches. Similarly, three year olds were able to make visual matches between groups of objects and sets that corresponded in number, but only made the same number of audio-visual matches they would have made had they been guessing. According to Mix, Huttenlocher and Levine (1996) In contrast, 4-year-olds performed significantly above chance in both conditions, indicating that the ability to detect audio-visual numerical correspondences develops during this age period(p.1600). They argued that if Starkey et al.’s (1990) claims about infants are true then preschoolers should show a similar competence. By their studies, Mix, Huttenlocher and Levine (1996) found no evidence that 3 year olds can detect audio-visual numerical correspondences. The developmental period between 3 to 4 years was found to be a crucial for mathematics, as preschoolers quickly expand their ability to understand the abstract relationship between numbers and sets as dissimilar as objects and events. They also tested toddlers ability to perform nonverbal calculation and found that the ability develops between ages 2  ½ and 3. Some studies have suggested that abstract numerical knowledge develops in infancy, but Levine and Huttenlocher found that babies only have an approximate understanding of numbers and at age of 3 years children can represent number exactly. Mix, Huttenlocher and Levine (1996) claim that: The discrepancy is due to the contrast criteria between infant study and preschool study. For infant study criteria was looking for longer time and in preschool study an active choice response was needed, which was much more demanding criteria. The ability to match and calculate correctly, nonverbally, is neither innate nor independent of general ability. Mix (1999) studied preschool children to see whether they ‘recognise numerical equivalence between sets that vary in similarity’. She pointed out that if claims about number competence in infancy are true then children should be able to judge numerical equivalence for other types of similarity. She emphasized that none of the tasks in infants’ studies â€Å"requires the explicit numerical comparison of one set to another† (p.272). According to Mix (1999) â€Å"a prevalent claim is that numerical abstraction emerges very early, perhaps as part of an innate knowledge structure that is specific to the number domain (Gallistel Gelman, 1992).This implies that development of numerical competence should have some advantages or at least follow a distinct path compared to other domains† (p.290). But she did not find any evidence. She proposed that discrepancy between infants and toddlers knowledge of number competence is because of different levels of understanding. She clarified that preschool matching task was different as compared to infant looking time task and these both task measures different type of numerical knowledge. (p.291) In 2002 Mix, Huttenlocher and Levine critically reviewed â€Å"the idea that quantitative development is guided by an inborn ability to represent discrete number† (p.278). They tested the quantitative competencies of infants and young children mentioned in their article. They arise many questions which are very important and need clarification: ‘What non-numerical cues do infants use? How does a number-based representation develop from such origins? How do children differentiate and ultimately integrate discrete and continuous quantification?’ 3.2- Clearfield and Westfahl approach: Clearfield and Westfahl (2006) conducted three experiments on 3 to 5 months infants to see how familiarization affects their looking time during addition problems. They replicated Wynn’s (1992) procedure in first experiment and found that infants looked longer at incorrect outcome same as in Wynn’s findings. They strongly argued on the basis of their results that â€Å"infants responded to the stimuli based on familiarity rather than the mathematical possibility† (p.40) (number competence) of the event in Wynn’s original finding and in Experiment 1. They also pointed out that there was no statistical difference in infants’ looking towards 1+1=2 and 1+1=3 (in Wynn’s finding). They asked for future research to confirm this. (p.40) In their article, Clearfield and Westfahl (2006) mentioned that Cohen and Marks (2002) challenged Wynn’s (1992) finding about infants’ number competence. Clearfield and Westfahl (2006) also told about Wynn’s (2002) response to it i.e. she rejected their challenge by saying that they did not replicate her study exactly. 4- Discussion: Evidence show that infants have inborn number competence and even they can manipulate simple arithmetic (Wynn, 1992). There is a considerable debate is going on young children’s ability about numerosity especially with regard to addition and subtraction. The problem is word number learning which they learn at later years. By the age of 2 years, children can count up to three or more (Gelman Gallistel, 1978). Wynn’s (1992) finding is challenged by Cohen and Marks (2002) as cited by Clearfield and Westfahl (2006). But Wynn’s (2002) rejected this challenge and still strict with her claims about infants’ inborn number competence. Clearfield and Westfahl (2006) interpreted that infants do not have counting ability but their performance on infants’ studies was based on familiarization. They insisted that researcher must work on the issues of familiarization and other basic perceptual processes rather than more controversial concept of number competence in infants. Learning the number system is one of the most difficult tasks for a young child. It is a slow process which takes many years to complete. Researchers have explored questions about the roots of numerical knowledge using looking time techniques with infants. It is still unclear to what extent is the sense of numbers innate and to what extent is it learned and how early the child acquires a meaningful counting procedure? Results of early counting studies appear unstable with each other. Some studies focus on conceptual competence (early counting) and some suggest that understanding the purpose of counting take place in later years. Young children often confuse to answer how many are there? It requires children to tell the last word when counting a set. They usually start counting the objects (Wynn, 1990). Counting out a number of objects from a large set is much complex than counting the number sequence. This all need a practice and clear understanding which develops later on. There is evidence â€Å"that five year old children take large number words to apply to specific, unique cardinal values† (Lipton Spelke, 2005, p.9). They argued that infants are born with innate knowledge of number from which they learn an understanding of number words and verbal counting. It is still unclear that if infants look so smart then why toddlers look so ignorant. Some researchers criticized the infants’ studies that they were not manipulating numbers when confronted with small quantities but may be they looking for total surface area of objects, not for number. We really do not know what was in infants’ mind. But criteria in Mix et al.’s study (1996) required children to point out the picture matching in numerosity, was much more demanding. And other studies involving counting ‘how many objects there are?’ require more understanding and more skill. To conclude all the interpretations about infants and preschoolers, it seems that criteria for judging preschoolers knowledge of number was too demanding. It is clear that at least some of number knowledge is innate. But the question still remains as to how much of it is innate, and how much is learned. In 2004, Zur Gelman argued that 4- and 5-year olds can easily be taught the basics of addition and subtraction. They concluded that even 3- year old children can do addition and subtraction by predicting and checking under supportive environment. Zur Gelman (2004) study is instructive because their emphasis is on practice and how teachers use different strategies. 5- References: Baillargeon, R. (2004). Infants’ reasoning about hidden objects: evidence for event-general and event-specific expectations. Developmental Science, 7, 391-424. Clearfield, M. W., Westfahl, S. M. C. (2006). Familiarization in infants’ perception of addition problems. Journal of Cognition and Development, 7, 27-43. Cohen, B. L. Marks, S.K. (n.d).How infants process addition and subtraction events. Retrieved on January 04, 2008 from http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/Group/CohenLab/pubs/Cohen_and_Marks final.pdf/ Cordes, S. Gelman, R. (2005). The Young Numerical Mind: When Does It Count? The Handbook of Mathematical Cognition. Psychology Press; London. 127–142. Retrieved on January 04, 2008 from http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~chenml/411/CordesandGelman.pdf Gelman, R., Gallistel, C. R. (1978). The child’s understanding of number. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Lipton, J. S., Spelke, E. S. (2005). Preschool children master the logic of number word meanings. Cognition,xx,1–10. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.from http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~lds/pdfs/lipton2005b.pdf Mix, K. S. (1999). Similarity and numerical equivalence: Appearances count. Cognitive development, 14, 269-297. Mix, K. S., Huttenlocher, J., Levine, S. C. (1996). Do preschool children recognize auditory-visual correspondences? Child Development, 67, 1592-1608. Mix, K., Huttenlocher, J., Levine, S. (2002). Multiple cues for quantification in infancy: Is number one of them? Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 278-294. Starkey, P., Spelke, E., Gelman, R. (1990). Numerical abstraction by human infants. Cognition, 36, 97-127. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Wynn, K. (1990). Children’s understanding of counting. Cognition, 36, 155-193. Wynn, K. (1992). Addition and subtraction by human infants. Nature, 358, 749-750. Zur, O., Gelman, R. (2004). Young children can add and subtract by predicting and checking. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19(1), 121-137.

Napster vs. Music :: essays research papers

Napster is an online trading program that allows users to look into another persons hard-drive in order to trade music. â€Å"Napster and similar software provides users with a method of searching thousands of other users computers to share thousands of high quality music, music that is stored in the compressed .mp3 format.†(Internet). Music of the popular artist is traded through the Internet at no cost. In other words instead of having to pay market price for music users of Napster receive the music for free. Napster has caused major controversy throughout the music industry. â€Å" The recording Industry association of America is suing Napster, claiming it allows users to make illegal copies of the copyrighted songs. It is seeking an injunction against the service and damages for lost revenue from thousands of songs it says were pirated through tapsters program (Internet). So one must look at the question, are programs like Napster illegal or does the program actually hav e some validity. There are several people against the use of programs like Napster. The band Metallica filed the first federal suit against Napster. The band is suing the company for copyright infringement and racketeering. Lars Ulrich, the band drummer says; †Napster hijacked our music without asking. They never sought out permission. Out catalog of music simply became available as free downloads on the Napster system†(Internet). Metallica is suing Napster and has accused Napster of copyright infringement and racketeering. The Metallica bands as well as other groups believe that Napster has cost them much money. They do not believe it is fair that people can go in and download their music for free instead of having to pay for it. The drummer suggested that the music traders were cowards using high technology for low-down theft (Metallica). In this day and age on has to consider the money issues. These issues are what make Napster bad. Napster has been accused of illegal acts because it d oes provide copyrighted music. According to a CNN article† internet music debates plays our on capital hill† The growth of online music services and utilities such as Napster has caused alarm among many record labels and artist, who care that the site are places for music piracy that deprives them of earrings and royalties. Metallica drummer Eulrich said† every time a Napster enthusiast downloads a song, it takes money from our pockets of all these members of the creative community.

Salem Witchcraft Trials in The Crucible by Arthur Miller :: The Crucible Arthur Miller Witchcraft Essays

Salem Witchcraft Trials in The Crucible by Arthur Miller Throughout society and throughout literature, vulnerable communities under certain conditions can be easily taken advantage of by a person or group of people presumed innocent. In the play, â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, there are three main factors that allowed the girls fallacious stories to be believed: Salem’s flawed court system, its lack of diversity in beliefs and religion, and the lack of a strong leader in the town. Although Abigail and the girls initiated the accusations, the responsibility lies with the entire community. It was the deterioration of Salem's social structure that precipitated the murders of many innocent people. The church, legal system and the togetherness of the community fell just to protect social status. Salem’s flawed court system was chiefly responsible. Under their courts, denial was considered a terrible sin. The narrow mindedness of the court possessed an unwritten law that if a name was brought out within the court, without any questioning, that person was presumed guilty. In this system, innocence is not taken into consideration, and the court is convinced they are right only if the victim confesses. There is no hearing for the victim, and even if they are truly innocent, they are only left with two options: They have the choice of denial, which will lead to their execution; or confessing, which gets them thrown into jail. To prove that all these people were actually guilty also played a part in lengthening the tragedy. Herrick, Cheever and Danforth are all full of their own importance and strictness of the court. They ask question after question to each victim until the defendant breaks down and confesses to save their life. Hale, a person who was brought in from out of town to ward off the evil spirits, began to realize the victims’ innocence towards the end. However, he knew the strictness of the court: â€Å"Though our hearts break, we cannot flinch, these are new times.† Another contributing factor was the fact that everyone in the town had the same beliefs. The fact that they were isolated from all other groups of people with different beliefs created a church-led Puritan society that was unable to handle change. The reputation of a family was very important to the members of the community. When the girls were caught dancing in the woods, they lied to protect not just themselves but the reputation of their families.

Robert Frost Essay -- essays research papers fc

â€Å"Good fences makes good neighbors,† is a small portion from the Mending Wall written by one of modern times most proficient writers, Robert Frost. Two of the critical articles I examined were quite helpful in gaining a better understanding of the â€Å"Mending Wall† and also of Robert Frost’s poetry. The Gale Research shows the best and most effective understanding of the â€Å"Mending Wall,† mainly because it deals specifically with that poem. It basically states that the poem is built around two attitudes, that of the speaker, which the Gale critic presumes is the poet, who is imaginative and an independent thinker and that of the neighbor, who prefers not to question anything (Gale). The other article deals more with other poetry that Robert Frost has written and helps explain common themes. One critic states that Frost’s poetry contains a theme of nature and mankind being one entity (Wagner 12).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the Gale Research article, the poet is describing the relationship between the two different men who have the same common interest in repairing the wall. It goes on explaining how they walk on each of their sides of the wall, picking up stones and replacing the oddly shaped and shattered ones. It shows the mental differences between the speaker and the neighbor by stating that the speaker, the more imaginary one, wanted to use a spell to fix the oddly shaped stones, while the more down to earth one wanted to use his hands and labor (Gale).   &...

Management Is An Art Or Science Essay

The concept of management is universal and very old. That is why different views have been expressed about its nature by different writers from time to time. According to my personal opinion management has element of both art and science. Management as an Art Art refers to the way of doing specific things; it indicates how an object can be achieved. Art is a combination of knowledge and skills. Art keeps changing and basically is the application of theoretical principles by science to get excellent results. Management at times is described as an art that how managerial principles can be applied in real world situations, it consists of the following aspects: Practical knowledge: Managers do have practical knowledge of the domain, also they know how to apply it. they know the pros and cons of any act as they know that only knowledge is not enough, but one should know how to apply it as well. Personal Skills: Peculiar abilities which you own are not held by every other person. E.g. Painters paint the similar things in a different manner. It varies from person to person. Some may paint it effectively while others may not catch attention. Similarly every manager has personal skills as well while applying managerial principles, on the basis of his experience which might fetch better results or fail. Creativity: The act if making something in a efficient way and a different manner, and using it in such a way to manage, is creativity. it is based in creativity and intelligence of a person. Vision is definite and based on the facts, it is one’s destiny. Management is also a collection of human and non human resources by using them in a different manner to achieve desired objectives. Practice: Practice makes man perfect. No one is born a true artist. in the same way, no one learns to manage right out of the womb. they furnish their skills over the time through practice. Goal oriented: Managerial activities are always goal based, directed towards achievement of results. for this very purpose, various resources human and non human resources are blended so the ability of managers of using available resources brings it near to arts. Management as Science Management as a Science: Science may be described as a systematized body of knowledge based on proper findings and exact principles and is capable of verification Science is extraordinary. With the aid of science, we can visualize matter across 37 orders of magnitude, from the largest galactic cluster to the smallest known particle . When science is done correctly, it can advise us in all of our day-to-day decisions and actions. Science is a method of doing things. It is the organized, systematic enterprise that gathers knowledge about the world and condenses the knowledge into testable laws and principles. The origin of a modern science of management can be traced to the work of Frederick Taylor (1911) and Luther Gulick (1937). The science of management and administration has become a principal component of management theory and practice in the recent year. Management known as a science because it focuses on the following Principles: management comprises of universally accepted principles, that is why a many believe that it is a science. E.g. rewarding and employee for good performance. Experimentation and observation: First, managers observe some new techniques then employ them in business to check results, so they can eventually be adopted or avoided. Cause and effect relation: Science is based on cause and effect relationship as it is always based on finding relationships between the variables. E.g. heating a metal. Satisfactory performance of employees in any organization is a result of a positive working condition and the two variables are performance and working conditions. Test of validity and predictability: Validity means soundness. in science soundness of the scientific principles can be verified at any given time and they provide similar results every time and in near future probable events can be predicted by using such principles. In management the validity of principles can be established by applying them in different solutions and matching the outcome with the original result. For example, one of the principles in Management is unity of command. if it is tested in a situation  where an employee has to work under two bosses and in situation where employee has to perform under 1 boss, their performance will be different from each other. Conclusion- Management is an Art and Science Both So, I conclude that management is an art and science both. Management is the art and science of preparing, organizing and directing human efforts to control the forces and utilize the natural resource and time for the benefit of men. Thus, it has now been accepted that management is an art as well as science. It has the elements of both arts and science, but some people think management is indeed a science, because of the scientific principles and rules that exist and that can be applied for improving the productivity and efficiency of organizations, profit or nonprofit. This kind of approach is good but we have to keep in mind that solution to every problem is not specified or given by rules and principles, sometimes we have to go creative think out of the box. So management as an art comes into the picture. Art and science both foster new and creative ways to understand organizations and communicate what we know about them. They both generate and employ metaphors of management that help us form our perceptions, assumptions, and new ideas about organizations. Both inspire our imagination. Research in the art and science of management will continue systematically to gather knowledge about the behavior of people in organizations and try to present that knowledge in new and testable theories, concepts, and hypotheses. But future research also must be pursued with enough flexibility to permit the emergence and investigation of entirely new knowledge about organizations and the way we manage them. In the words Management is a mixture of an art an science – the present ratio is about 80% art and 20% science.

Kimpton Hotels Earthcare Program Essay

What are the benefits of Kimpton’s environmental sustainability initiatives? What are its costs? The benefit of the program is to put back into the earth what is being taken out. Many companies who support Eco friendly establishments will book specifically with the Kimpton hotel in support of their EarthCare program. The costs are greater for not putting back into the environment what is taken out. In the long run being non eco friendly will cost Kimpton hotels more than what they spend on the initiative. How would you justify the EarthCare program to Kimpton’s board of directors and stockholders? That is, what is the business case for the program? The business case for the stockholders would be increased bookings from corporations and individuals that support the EarthCare program. By Kimpton hotels implementing an aggressive eco friendly plan, their hotels will stand out from the rest and be well known for their commitment to put back into the earth what they take. What challenges face the EarthCare program, and how might Kimpton overcome them? A couple of challenges that they face is the increased cost for some of the raw materials, such as sheets. A way to overcome that is to have aggressive buyers that work diligently to get the cost down by bulk buying for all of the hotels and then distributing from one central hub. The second challenge would be the employee’s acceptance to the program. This can be overcome simply by getting all employee’s involved in the initiative and keeping the line of communication open so that every stays informed and feels part of the decision process. What further steps should Kimpton take to institutionalize its environmental commitments? Kimpton should show their commitment by becoming ISO 14000 certified. This would show their commitment to customers, investors, shareholders and stakeholders.

System of Linear Equation

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Solve the following systems: 1. ? ? x ? y ? 8 ? x ? y ? 2 by graphing by substitution by elimination by Cramer’s rule 2. ? ?2 x ? 5 y ? 9 ? 0 ? x ? 3y ? 1 ? 0 by graphing by substitution by elimination by Cramer’s rule 3. ? ?4 x ? 5 y ? 7 ? 0 ? 2 x ? 3 y ? 11 ? 0 by graphing by substitution by elimination by Cramer’s rule CASE 1: intersecting lines independent & consistent m1? m2 CASE 2: parallel lines inconsistent m1 = m2 ; b1 ? b2 CASE 3: coinciding lines consistent & dependent m1 = m2 ; b1 = b2 Classify the following system, whether (a) intersecting, (b) parallel, or (c) coinciding lines 1. ? ? 3 x ? 4 y ? 1 ? 0 ? 3 x ? 4 y ? 2 ? 0 ? 3 x ? 4 y ? 1 ? 0 ? 6 x ? 8 y ? 2 ? 0 Solve the following systems in three variables: 1. ?3 x ? 4 y ? z ? 1 2. ? x ? y ? 2 ? ? x ? 4 y ? 3z ? 3 ? 3 x ? 2 y ? 2 z ? 0 ? ________ ? ? 3 y ? z ? 1 ? x ? 2 z ? 7 ? 2. ? ________ 3. ? ?2 x ? 5 y ? 1 ? 0 ? 5 ? x ? 2 y ? 2 ? 0 ? ?2 x ? ? 1 ? 4 x ? 2 y ? 3 ? x ? 2 y ? 1 ? 0 ? 2 x ? y ? 1 ________ 4. ? ________ 5. ? ________ ?1 ? x ? ? Solve ? ?1 ? ?x ? 2 ? 3 y 3 ? 2 y Problem solving Form a system of equations from the problems given below. A) (MIXTURE PROBLEM 1) How many pounds of a 35% salt solution and a 14% salt solution should be combined so that a 50 pounds of a 20% solution is obtained? B) (UNIFORM MOTION) Two motorists start at the same time from two places 128 km apart and drive toward each other. One drives 10kph than the other. If they met after 48 minutes (that is, 4/5 hr), find the average speed of each. C) A dietician is preparing a meal consisting of foods A, B, and C as shown in the table below. Fat Protein Carbohydrate If the meal must provide exactly 24 units of fat, 25 Food A 3 2 4 units of protein, and 21 units of carbohydrate, how Food B 2 3 1 many ounces of each food should be used? Food C 3 3 2

Professional Knowledge and Abilities Essay

The AAPT also known as the American of Pharmacy Technicians was founded in 1979. The AAPT is an international non-profit organization that is dedicated to improve the delivery of pharmaceutical services, which includes exchange, development, and dissemination of information. All educational requirements are essential for all pharmacy technicians, due to the exparsions of pharmacy technology. It is important that the value of education continues so the AAPT recognized the importance so they established a continuing education service. â€Å"AAPT CES is the official provider of CE credits for pharmacy technicians. (American Association of Pharmacy Technicians 2009) The contribution that the American Association of Pharmacy Technicians is the continuing education to increase my professional knowledge and abilities. It is required by my state that I have ten CE credits to keep my state certification and I have to have twenty to keep my international certification for me to be able to practice as a pharmacy technician. Continuing these courses it helps me to keep up on the new medications, latest technology, pharmacy laws and policies, and leadership abilities. It is proven that the information that is retained from the continuing education is very important in the operation of pharmacy. Another reason that it is important to continue education because of the constant changes in medication and pharmacy laws. It is believed that the information retained from the CE program can be considered a safety mechanism for everyone such as patients and health care providers is vital for the proper dispense of the medications without doing any harm to the patients, but also giving the best possible way to get and take the medication. In conclusion, for one to obtain professional knowledge and abilities one must go forth in the necessary education courses to be able to obtain what one is looking for. The AAPT is the right place to obtain that knowledge and abilities. Without that additional education then the one person would not be able to obtain the knowledge and abilities that they are seeking for their professional job.

Why did the United States become an Imperial power during the late Research Paper

Why did the United States become an Imperial power during the late 1800's-early 1900's - Research Paper Example The term imperialism is of great importance in the field of politics yet it is defined as the endeavor of a country towards its expansion which is based on military strength or other back door efforts which are backed by the reason of local dissatisfaction, unelected government in place, or other various issues which makes it a ground enough for the invading country to infiltrate and dictate its terms and conditions. It is often termed as the coercive relationship establishment by overthrowing of the existing setup and bringing about the setup that is of less resistance to the occupying forces (Lenin, 93). Imperialism like other forces of social acts, comes with its pros and cons, the element of freeing its citizens from its oppressors is a blessing in disguise, while occupying the land, using its resources to own benefits, violating its sovereignty is the downside of the entire affair. The positive side is the expansion of markets, the businessmen get to invest in new markets, new c apitals, and hence more chance of prosperity and economic stability. Over all the imperialism concept comes blended with its positives and negatives. It does not have to be pure and direct means of all out war, many a times, and the pulse is controlled through diplomatic ties, indirect perks and protections. Hence Imperialism is not just the name of military offensive and battle field stories. Its scope is relatively wide, even proxy wars are inside the scope of this phenomenon. The American Mexican war that was fought in mid 19th century (1846) is termed as an example of American imperialism (Eisenhower). The importance of the moves made in middle 19th century and beginning of 20th century was largely capitalized in the War World One and World War Two. All these annexed nations provided strategic grounds against hostile nations. Spanish American war is another glimpse of American Imperialism. Spaniards were easily humbled in this account and this was fought just round the corner of new millennium when the world was entering into 20th century. This was of high significance since it resulted in United States of America over powering Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico. Spain had to withdraw from this region and America was in good health to look after the neighboring nations and maintain its hegemony in the region. Many a times the democracy and freedom cry are coated in the real motive of strategic advantage seeking. This is done through ousted of some existing outsiders. The Cuban war in the end of century was an example of this kind when the Spaniards were sent out their way and limited to continent Europe. Building the Panama Canal: Panama Canal is another point of significance that had its importance towards the interest of American navy. They through the battle with Spain subdued this region which rightly served the interest of American navy. This was the building bridge towards control in both the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. Large numbers of marines were s ent over for this purpose through the formal approval of the political and administrative heads. Again, this was done to mitigate any danger that the American navy faced by coming from other direction. Seeking its on interest and safety, another step in the name of imperialism, yet it was the order of the day and had to be done to ensure the safety of its personnel. Columbia on this account backed out right at the eleventh hour and the administration of America had to take punitive steps to ensure the accomplishment. Panama which was under the control of Columbians, was supported sufficiently enough by the Americans to create a uproar for their independence

Statistical works and solutions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Statistical works and solutions - Coursework Example The correlation coefficient for this graph is 0.903293.The data are positively correlated and is closer to 1 which is perfectly correlated. This means that both data will reduce or increase all together. Correlation Coefficient determines the association of two variables and varies between will vary from -1 to +1(Wigmore, 2013). In negatively correlated variables, variables changes in opposite direction, while in positively correlated variables, both variables increase and decrease in the same direction. From above HPI and GDP, Ecological Footprint and HDI are positively correlated while the rest are negatively correlated In conclusion, the outcome from the graphs, result generated from excel, namely mean, media and Correlation Coefficient are closely related. The characteristics of the data can also be obtained from the variables using more than one method, either graphically or by calculation which is generated from the excel. Lastly, it is recommended to use more than one method when doing data analysis in order to come up with true interpretation of the results. Pearson, K (1895) .Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution. II. Skew Variation in Homogeneous Material. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering

The Poor and Vulnerable in the Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Poor and Vulnerable in the Society - Essay Example The above examples illustrate how much God cares for the poor. Christians have the responsibility to emulate these examples because they represent God on earth. Justice in the society is measured by how the poor and vulnerable are treated. If they are sidelined or treated as second citizens, it is because such a society lacks morals and the ethical responsibility needed for fairness to reign. However, when the poor are given a voice, justice flows. Therefore, Christians should be in the forefront defending the rights of the disadvantaged in society, as this is what is meant by true religion. People blame the poor and vulnerable for their states. These societies equate wealth with hard work. The affluent are praised for their possession. They are considered as superiors because of the material gains they have. On the other hand, the poor are treated as inferior because they do not have wealth acquisitions (Sellers 124-127). They are regarded as worthless or given difficult tasks to perform because they do not have any other option. However, with such treatment, the rich secure their future while worsening matters for the poor (Ark 55-59). It becomes difficult for the poor to break the cycle of poverty because they are overloaded with work for little pay. Their condition is prolonged not because they are lazy, but because they are not given equal opportunities as their fellow wealthy counterparts. They have to struggle to survive yet the rich glide through life. However, when chances are provided equally for all, the poor get the opportunity to improve their circumstances. The elite has the advantage to better education. Knowledge puts them ahead in life. It provides them the probability of securing a well-paying job. It puts them ahead in the corporate world. In third world countries, a good education is a huge privilege for many. Illiteracy has been a huge cause of poverty. However, there are countries that have abolished  school fees in public schools. In such institutions, the class turns up is high.