Case Study Of Downs Syndrome

Case Study Of Downs Syndrome Paul Z is a 30 year old man who has a Learning Disability and Downs syndrome. He lives at home with Mrs Z, his mother who is his main carer and 18 year old sister S who goes to Sixth Form College and hopes to go to University. Mrs Z is devoted to Paul and gave up her part time job when he left school twelve years ago to look after him full time. Mrs Z who was widowed two years ago has recently been prescribed anti-depressants by her GP as she was not sleeping well and finding life difficult to cope with. Paul is able to complete his personal care and dresses himself appropriately, although he does sometimes need prompting or supervising depending on his mood that day. Mrs Z finds it very difficult to leave Paul at home for any length of time even though he is likely to be able to cope on his own for a few hours. She will occasionally leave him with his younger sister S but she has exams and a very full social life of her own. Neither has Mrs Z been willing to allow Paul to access community based activities, other than the Day Centre which he attends two days per week, because she fears for his safety. Paul really enjoys the Day Centre where he has been given his own shelf in the greenhouse and a patch of garden where he grows flowers and vegetables which he takes home to eat. Paul would like to increase his social activities, develop his independent living skills and have access to a bigger garden to grow more vegetables and to possible sell them. Pauls interests include watching films, reading comic books and playing computer games and football. He also enjoys swimming and accompanies Mrs Z when she goes. Paul is very sociable and well liked by all who meet him. Mrs Z does not drive and both she and Paul are dependent on public transport. Paul requires support when in the community as he could be extremely vulnerable if left on his own because of his friendly and trusting nature. Paul has a good understanding of everyday things but due to his learning disability tends to make decisions based on his every day experience and eagerness to please and may not have necessarily understood or taken into account all the information which might affect the decision. He can appear to have a better understanding of things than he has and he needs to be supported when making more complex decisions. Paul is also very difficult to understand verbally and uses his own language with a form of Makaton and picture Symbols. When he becomes anxious or worried he can be aggressive even towards those who he knows well. Also due to his poor communication skills he finds expressing himself very difficult. 3 practice related questions: In the context of Pauls circumstances provide a critical analysis of: Which types of assessments would need to be implemented, how these would be most appropriately conducted and by whom The first assessment that would need to be implemented would be an assessment of Pauls need for community care services. As Paul has a learning disability and Downs syndrome, there will be assessment barriers that need to be taken account for and overcome to enable Paul to participate fully in the assessment process. In addition this will ensure that the relevant and necessary information is gathered to accurately assess Pauls need for community care services. As described Paul has poor verbal communication skills, this could make it difficult for Paul to express himself during the assessment process. Furthermore Paul may need help in making sense of and understanding information, this would need to be addressed to maintain Pauls full involvement and level of understanding in the assessment and for any decision. Pauls challenging behaviour would need to be taken into account so not to cause harm to him or others. Pauls assessment would normally be conducted by a social worker from Pauls local social services department (NHS Choices, 2009). The social worker would need to find ways of dealing with these potential barriers before the assessment takes place. Paul communicates using his own language; with this in mind it may be appropriate to have someone who knows Paul well to be part of the assessment so they are able to interpret the information to the assessor. Pauls mother or sister could do this Alternative communication-picture symbols social worker could use these/interper however Paul is eager to please so may tell interviewer/social worker what they want to hear. May be case if mum/sister is present so an independent advocate may be advisable. As Paul can get aggressive-build the relationship up before assessment. Carers assessment Mothers own s47 assessment The issues relating to risk, proportionate response and capacity Risk assessment, vulnerable adult, MCA, IMCA How you would work to promote Pauls independence and his right to make his own choices, with whom would you cooperate to achieve this and which theoretical perspectives would inform your practice. Person centred planning-Valuing people Social model of disability 3 Legal Questions: What statutory duties, if any, does the local authority have in respect of assessing and providing community care services to Paul and/or Mrs Z? Please identify the relevant legislation. In respect of assessing Paul, the local authority under Section 47(1) of the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990, has a duty to assess his needs and depending on the result of that assessment, will decide whether Pauls needs call for the provision of community care services. As Brayne and Carr (2010, pp.541) states there are two clear steps that are required by s.47(1)-an information gathering exercise and a decision making process. During the decision making process, the Local Authority will follow the guidance set by the Fair Access to Care Services Guidance for Adult Social Care Needs issued by the Department of Health in the Local Authority Circular 2002 (LAC 2002 13). The eligibility criteria is based on the risk to independence caused by an individuals presenting needs. End with saying about cc services to link to next paragraph. Community Care services are a range of services that are generally provided by social services to enable the people who are receiving them to remain living within the community rather than moving, for example into residential care (Clements and Thompson, 2007). The main statue that directs community based services is Section 29 of the National Assistance Act 1948. This gives local authorities the power and duty to provide domiciliary care services to disabled people who fall within the definition as defined by the act and who are in need of such services. Services can be provided within the service users home or elsewhere, such as a day centre. As Paul has a learning disability and Downs syndrome, he would be eligible for these services. Under s.29 of the NAA 1948, Paul could receive arrangements to support him with gaining independent living skills, services for recreational and social activities and assistance with setting up his own business so he could sell his vegetables. Paul, under s.29 of the NAA 1948, is defined as being disabled and therefore Local Authorities have further power and duties to provide services under Section 2 of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970. This section offers a wide range of services that could be available to Paul. He could benefit from outings outside of his home, assistance with travel arrangements for such outings, practical assistance within his home and holidays. Mrs Z is Pauls main full time carer and so would be entitled to an assessment under Section 1 of the Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000, of her own needs in terms of her ability to provide and to continue to provide care for Paul. A carer, as described in the legislation, is an individual who provides or intends to provide a substantial amount of care on a regular basis for another individual aged 18 or over. Within s.1 of the CDCA 2000, Mrs Z, would still be eligible for an carers assessment even if Paul was to refuse a community care assessment himself. The local authority involved in this case, has a statutory duty, under the Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act 2004, to inform Mrs Z of her right to an assessment and must take in to consideration whether Mrs Z works or wishes to work or would like to undertake any education, training or leisure activities. The results of Mrs Zs assessment would be considered during the decision making process of Pauls need for the provision of community care services. If Paul was going to be placed in residential care what statutory duties or powers does the local authority have to place him in residential care, and what statutory duties does the local authority have in respect of the choice of accommodation. Would your answer differ if Paul lacked mental capacity to decide where he should live? If Paul was going to be place in residential care, the local authority has a duty to provide this under Section 21 of the National Assistance Act 1948. Within this act it states that residential accommodation must be provided for persons aged eighteen or over who by reasons of age, illness, disability or any other circumstances are in need of care and attention which is not available. Once Paul has been assessed as eligible for accommodation As Clements and Thompson (2007, pp.222-223) states the NAA 1948 (Choice of Accommodation) Directions 1992 constitute one of the few examples of genuine choice that individuals have in relation to their community care services. The NAA 1948 (Choice of Accommodation) Directions 1992- gives individuals genuine choice that individuals have in relation to their community care services. When they are engaged, the directions give service users a legal right to choose setting of their residential care. Once a social services authority has assessed a person as eligible for accommodation under NAA 1948, S21, it is then obliged to make arrangements to accommodate that person in a care home of his or her choice provided that the conditions in direction 3 of the NAA 1948 (Choice of Accommodation) Directions 1992 (as amended) are satisfied. S1(2) MCA 2005 -presumption of capacity S2 MCA 2005 Decision must be time and issue specific. S4 MCA 2005 if lacks mental capacity then a best interest decision is required c)In the context of the case study please identify any vulnerable adults and say why and in what circumstances you consider them to be vulnerable. What assessments if any would you carry out and what measures if any would you put in place to protect them? Critically analyse which other individuals and/or agencies, if any, you would involve in the safeguarding process. Assessment There are a number of statutes that deal with the matter of assessment. The overarching duty on local authorities is set out in the NHS and Community Care Act 1990. NHS and Community Care Act 1990 Section 47(1). This imposes a duty on local authorities to carry out an assessment of need for community care services with people who appear to them to need such services and then, having regard to that assessment, decide whether those needs call for the provision by them of services. An assessment is triggered where : The person appears to be someone for whom community care services could be provided and The persons circumstances may need the provision of some community care services There are a number of other Acts which deal with the matter of assessment: The NHS and Community Care Act 1990 Section 47(2). If, during the Section 47(1) assessment the person is identified as being disabled *, that person has additional rights as set out in Section 47(2). This requires local authorities to make a decision as to the services required under Section 4 of the Disabled Persons (Services and Consultation and Representation) Act 1986. Note: * see Section 29, National Assistance Act 1948 below Disabled Persons (Services and Consultation and Representation) Act 1986 Section 4. This imposes a duty on local authorities to decide whether the needs of a disabled person call for the provision by the Local Authority of any services in accordance with Section 2(1) of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970. National Assistance Act 1948 Section 29 (1). To qualify for services under this Section persons must be:   Ã‚  Ã‚  aged 18 or over who are blind, deaf, or dumb, or who suffer from mental disorder of any description, and other persons aged 18 or over who are substantially and permanently handicapped by illness, injury, congenital deformity or such other disabilities as may be prescribed by the Minister. The definition of disabled person should be interpreted in this context to mean people over 18 years who have a permanent and substantial disability such as learning disability, physical disability, sensory impairment, mental health difficulties, chronic illness or any combination of these. LAC(93) 10 Appendix 4 asks councils to give a wide interpretation to the term substantial to take full account of individual circumstances and a flexible interpretation to the term permanent in cases where they are uncertain of the duration of the condition. Examples include episodic or recurring illness, intermittent disability / conditions. People who are disabled within the terms of this definition are not obliged to register with the Department, nor is access to assessment and services dependent on registration. Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons (CSDP) Act 1970 Section 2. This places a duty on local Authorities to assess the individual needs of everyone who falls within Section 29 of the National Assistance Act 1948 above. back to top Assessment of Carers The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Section 1. This section gives carers, aged 16 or over, the right to an assessment of their ability to provide care or continue to provide care: Where they provide or intend to provide a substantial amount of care on a regular basis for another individual 18 or over And the local council is satisfied that the person cared for is someone for whom it may provide or arrange for the provision of community care services. This right exists even where the person cared for has refused an assessment by the local council social services department or has refused the delivery of community care services following an assessment. Note: The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 will only rarely be used by councils looking at the needs of 16 and 17 year old carers. Where it is used in these circumstances the assessment must be child centred and follow the guidance set out in the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (paragraphs 3.61 to 3.63.) (Ref The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 policy and practice guidance). The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Section 6 . This section provides that a person with parental responsibility for a disabled child has the right to an assessment from the local authority of their ability to provide (and to continue to provide) care for the child. The local authority must take that assessment into account when deciding what services, if any, to provide under section 17 of the Children Act 1989. (Ref The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 policy and practice guidance). Disabled Persons (Services Consultation and Representation) Act 1986 Section 8. Carers also have rights under this section which requires local councils to have regard to the ability of the carer to provide or continue to provide care when deciding what services to provide to the disabled person. In these circumstances the assessment of the cared for person must take account of the carer situation and record this as part of the assessment of the cared for person. This requirement exists even where the caring role is not of a regular or substantial nature. back to top Mental Health Act 1983, section 117 requires a local authority jointly with the Health Authority to provide aftercare services for people leaving hospital after being compulsorily detained. It is implicit in such a duty that a process of assessment must be undertaken prior to discharge to identify needs and how they will be met. The delivery of all mental health services is framed within the Care Programme Approach (CPA) which provides the framework for all patients, both in hospital and in the community. Among the key elements of the CPA are: Systematic arrangements for assessing peoples health and social care needs The formulation of a care plan which addresses those needs The appointment of a Care Co-ordinator Regular review of the care plan. Other specific assessment requirements within Mental Health are determined by Sections 2, 3, 4 and 7 of the 1983 Mental Health Act. These sections require an Approved Social Worker to undertake an assessment of an individuals mental health along with key health colleagues. back to top Provision of Services Fair Access to Care Services and the Duty To Provide Once a community care assessment is carried out, councils need to make decisions about whether to provide support or not to individuals. Fair Access to Care Services (FACS) provides councils with an eligibility framework for adult social care to identify whether or not the duty to provide services under the following legislation is triggered. (Ref. Fair Access to Care Services policy and practice guidance). The duty on social services to provide or arrange services is triggered only for those people with eligible needs that is needs above the threshold for services line. The national FACS policy LAC (2002)13 states that councils may take account of the resources available to them in deciding which needs to meet. Needs that are identified as eligible needs and which sit within the laws relating to a duty on Social Services to provide services must be met. How those needs are met is a separate issue. Provision of services takes place primarily under: The National Assistance Act 1948, Section 21 and Section 29 The Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970, Section 2 The Health Services and Public Health Act 1968, Section 45 The NHS Act 1977, Section 21 Mental Health Act 1983, Section 117 Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996 back to top Duty to arrange/provide services for people with Eligible Needs National Assistance Act 1948 Section 21(1). Concerns the provision of residential accommodation to certain groups of people over 18 years who through age, illness, disability or any other circumstances are in need of care and attention which would otherwise be unavailable to them. The duty is owed to people ordinarily resident in the Local Authoritys area. National Assistance Act 1948 Section 29. The local council has a duty to exercise its powers for people ordinarily resident in its area and must provide: A social work advice and support service Facilities for rehabilitation and adjustment to disability Facilities for occupational, social, cultural and recreational activities Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 Section 1. This section imposes a duty on local authorities to provide information about relevant services. Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 Section 2 (1). This section sets out the types and range of services that local councils should have available to meet the needs of disabled people *. These include: provision of practical assistance in the home; provision of recreational facilities outside the home or assistance to take advantage of educational facilities; provision of assistance with works for adaptation in the home; provision of meals. Note: * See Section 29(1) of the National Assistance Act 1948 above. National Health Services Act 1977 Section 21. This section identifies that services can be provided in relation to expectant mothers, prevention and after care and that home help and laundry facilities are functions exercisable by social service authorities. Schedule 8 identifies the power to provide and maintain day centres or similar facilities and power to arrange services specifically for people with alcohol and drug problems. Also to provide laundry services as part of the input of home help services. Mental Health Act 1983 Section 117(2) This section creates a joint duty on the local Health and Social services Authorities to provide after care services to various categories of people who have been detained in hospital for as long as the person needs them. Aftercare services are not defined in the Act but will include social work support in helping the ex-patient with problems of accommodation or family relationships, the provision of domiciliary services and the use of day centre and residential facilities. Community Care (Direct Payments) 1996 Act This sets out the circumstances when direct payments should be considered. It gives local authorities the power to offer people cash payments as an alternative to arranging social care services to meet their assessed, eligible needs. (Ref Direct Payment policy) Carers may also have access to Direct Payments. See Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Section 5 powers set out below. Health Services Act 1968 Section 45. The Local Authority has a power to make arrangements to promote the welfare of older people. The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Section 2. Under this section the Local Authority has powers to provide services for carers following a carers assessment (whether joint or separate) under Section 1 of this Act. Services to carers are not defined by the Act. The local authority may provide any services they see fit to provide and which in their view help the carer care for the person cared for. These services may take the form of physical help or other forms of support such as training or counselling for the carer. (Ref The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 policy and practice guidance). The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Section 5. This section extends the option of Direct Payments to carers aged 16 years or over who care for a person aged 18 or over. (Ref The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 policy and practice guidance).

Characterization in The Remains of the Day :: The Remains of the Day

Characterization in The Remains of the Day    The Remains of the Day is a book that believes in defining its characters to remarkable detail. Even minor characters are brought to life, using a variety of methods; some subtle, others more overt. This essay will discuss the entire novel - just the first eight pages. Many novels would still only be setting the scene at this point but, with The Remains of the Day, many of the main characters have already been described in a fair amount of detail. Creating detailed and believable characters is usually a key factor in a book's success. If a story contains rich, fleshed-out characters, readers will be able to understand and empathise with them, so becoming more enveloped by the narrative and, consequently, more enjoying the book. There are, of course, exceptions; in some cases characters are left deliberately vague so as to increase the atmosphere surrounding them, for example. However, The Remains of the Day is a book which believes in defining its characters to remarkable detail. Even minor characters are brought to life, using a variety of methods; some subtle, others more overt. This essay title does not refer to the whole novel, though - just the first eight pages. Many novels would still only be setting the scene at this point but, with The Remains of the Day, many of the main characters have already been described in a fair amount of detail. There are, generally, two methods of characterization. One involves merely stating character traits (along the lines of "the man was arrogant and obnoxious†¢ - note that this is an example and not a quote from the text), a method which Ishiguro does not use in great abundance. He much prefers to reveal character information in more subtle and oblique ways, often through their actions and words. This allows readers to judge characters partly for themselves, without having them explicitly prejudged by the writer. The character of Stevens is unique amongst the others in the novel, as it is written from a first-person perspective and he is the narrator. Ishiguro uses a wide variety of techniques to develop Stevens' character during the first eight pages. The very fact that the novel has a first-person narrative is significant. This usually allows readers to know and understand more about the narrator's character, as the text is ?written' by him. Characterization in The Remains of the Day :: The Remains of the Day Characterization in The Remains of the Day    The Remains of the Day is a book that believes in defining its characters to remarkable detail. Even minor characters are brought to life, using a variety of methods; some subtle, others more overt. This essay will discuss the entire novel - just the first eight pages. Many novels would still only be setting the scene at this point but, with The Remains of the Day, many of the main characters have already been described in a fair amount of detail. Creating detailed and believable characters is usually a key factor in a book's success. If a story contains rich, fleshed-out characters, readers will be able to understand and empathise with them, so becoming more enveloped by the narrative and, consequently, more enjoying the book. There are, of course, exceptions; in some cases characters are left deliberately vague so as to increase the atmosphere surrounding them, for example. However, The Remains of the Day is a book which believes in defining its characters to remarkable detail. Even minor characters are brought to life, using a variety of methods; some subtle, others more overt. This essay title does not refer to the whole novel, though - just the first eight pages. Many novels would still only be setting the scene at this point but, with The Remains of the Day, many of the main characters have already been described in a fair amount of detail. There are, generally, two methods of characterization. One involves merely stating character traits (along the lines of "the man was arrogant and obnoxious†¢ - note that this is an example and not a quote from the text), a method which Ishiguro does not use in great abundance. He much prefers to reveal character information in more subtle and oblique ways, often through their actions and words. This allows readers to judge characters partly for themselves, without having them explicitly prejudged by the writer. The character of Stevens is unique amongst the others in the novel, as it is written from a first-person perspective and he is the narrator. Ishiguro uses a wide variety of techniques to develop Stevens' character during the first eight pages. The very fact that the novel has a first-person narrative is significant. This usually allows readers to know and understand more about the narrator's character, as the text is ?written' by him.

Ramrod Case Questions and Answers Essay

1.What kinds of products and technologies does Benson Metals use? How have these been changing recently? Benson Metals, a medium-sized maker of specialty steel products, has traditionally used a craftsliketechnology to produce a variety of metals. In terms of Perrow’s model of technology, task variety andtask analyzability are low, as there is still guesswork, skill, and even some â€Å"black magic† inmanufacturing products. Benson also produces metals in very small quantities—pounds not tons—so thatin terms of Woodward’s model it is small batch, and the skills and knowledge of production people aremore important than machines in getting the job done—task complexity is low. Recently, the company has moved into making sophisticated and technically difficult steels for theaerospace industry. Not only are they difficult to produce, these steels require more research skills,metallurgical analysis, and delicate handling in all stages of production. They are produced to verystringent specifications. In terms of Perrow’s model, task variety has increased and task analyzability hasfallen—production is more nonroutine and research oriented and depends more on the skills, experience,knowledge, and judgment of production personnel. Companies cannot imitate these skills, so they form acompetitive advantage. The environment surrounding the company has changed to more uncertainty because a new range of products is manufactured. Both technology and environment have changed,affecting the contingencies facing the company, and increasing potential risks and returns. 2.What problems is Benson Metals encountering as it changes products and technologies? An increased level of conflict between sales and production poses a problem. Production is responding tothe new pressures facing the organization, yet it is continually fighting with sales. Sales wants a rapidresponse to unexpected customer requests or tries to discover production’s plans or when the finished product will be ready.Morale is falling as the effects of these conflicts spread. Managers in different functions are taking sides,usually siding with sales against Ramrod and production. Communication and decision-making haveslowed as a result of uncooperative attitudes. Integration between functions is falling. This is dangerousfor nonroutine  technology that requires a high level of differentiation and integration to be effective. 3.What is causing these problems in Benson Metals? The sources of the conflict can be isolated. Keep the discussion focused on the people, principallyRamrod, and examine what he is doing wrong; this approach makes the later analysis of power moredramatic.The attitudes and behavior of Ramrod Stockwell cause the problem. Although he is competent, he causesconflict within his own function and other functions. In his own function he fails to delegate authorityand keeps the reins of power in his own hands. He has a centralized management style and does not shareinformation, which makes it impossible for subordinates to provide salespeople with the information theyneed. He does not follow the chain of command; he goes to people only when he needs them. Violatinglines of authority reduces the authority of his managers and also leaves them uninformed.His attitudes affect relationships with other functions, especially sales, because he also does not allowsubordinates to share any but routine information. Because of the centralization of autho rity in production, subordinates do not possess information. Only Rob Bronson, the vice president of sales, canget information from Ramrod, and he is too busy to do so (and too proud since he would have to admit 232 dependency on Ramrod). Stockwell says something can be done but fails to provide an accurate timeframe, making planning difficult for sales and other departments—making them dependent on Ramrod.Ramrod is a â€Å"rough diamond† and has little social contact with other top managers at Benson Metals,which further isolates him. Managers have suggested sensitivity training to help him better communicateand delegate.The conclusion is that Ramrod is the problem—his attitudes and values. What is the solution? FireRamrod? After the pros and cons have been considered (the firm would lose his valuable skills andexpertise), the instructor can turn the discussion to the issue of the company power structure; studentsrarely raise this issue. 4.In the past, which function has had the most power in Benson Metals? How has the power relationship between production and sales been changing recently? Traditionally, sales has enjoyed most of the power: †¢Ã‚  President Tom Hollis worked with Fred Benson and was the sales director. †¢Ã‚  Most of the â€Å"assistant to† managers groomed for promotion come from sales. †¢Ã‚  Sales gets the credit for good work while production is blamed in the bad years. †¢Ã‚  Sales can slip orders into the production process, although, as in the Continental Can case,this causes significant problems that will increase as the sophistication of the metalsincreases. †¢Ã‚  Production managers play second fiddle to salespeople: They have inferior facilities andlimited access to resources and to top managers.The traditional power of sales reflects the fact that in the past, the main contingency facing Benson wasto sell its products in a competitive market against four or five other companies who compete for thesame customers. In this environment, developing customer relationships and servicing customers is veryimportant. Recently the environment has changed and production has become more important—only production can produce the kinds of steels customers want. In the new competitive environment: †¢Ã‚  Production controls the main contingencies. †¢Ã‚  Production has become central and nonsubstitutable. †¢Ã‚  Production reduces the uncertainty facing sales, not vice versa. Even though the power of production is increasing, Benson’s internal power structure does not reflectthis change. Rob Bronson, the sales manager realizes the change but deliberately avoids a change in thestatus of sales, and the result is conflict.The message is that maybe Ramrod is not the problem; it is Benson’s unchanged internal power structurein a changed environment. Ramrod’s attitudes and behaviors seem logical once it is understood that hewants to increase his function’s power and status in the organization: †¢Ã‚  He doesn’t delegate authority and share information to increase his power over sales. †¢Ã‚  Information is a power resource, and by hoarding information he can increase the uncertaintyof other departments and their dependence on him. †¢Ã‚  He agrees to all requests but gives no feedback. This increases his power and makes himnonsubstitutable.Ramrod, consciously or unconsciously, is withholding information to increase the dependence of otherson him and to change the balance of power in his favor. A strong CEO would understand this and might 233 publicly recognize the importance of production and correct the imbalance. The chairman and his son areweak and the president is from sales, so nothing is being done. The level of conflict is escalating as salesfights back. 5.Suggest some ways to try to solve the problems the company is experiencing. What would be a good strategy for change? There are several ways of increasing the power of production vis-à  -vis sales. †¢Ã‚  Like Continental Can, Benson should create a production control department to buffer salesand production and reduce or eliminate sales’ ability to slip new customer orders into the production process. All requests should flow through production control, which transmitsthem to production. This reduces sales’ traditional power over production and helps promotea power balance. †¢Ã‚  The support of top management is vital for a change in attitudes, and top management needsto recognize the increased status of production publicly. †¢Ã‚  To increase the status of production, top management can improve manufacturing facilitiesand give Ramrod a bigger office and staff, a more central location, and greater access to topmanagement. †¢Ã‚  Create a task force to examine how environmental changes affect working relationships andto increase perceptions of the importance and status of production. †¢Ã‚  Send Stockwell to a management training course to improve his skills at delegation.

Avalanches

We keep our presentations on avalanches in response to the newspaper study: four killed by avalanches in Italy. The message appeared on February 7 at nu.nl.Then we explain more about avalanchesAn avalanche is a big mass of snow coming down a incline. An avalanche can be so great that full small towns buried by the snow, but besides a little avalanche can be lifelessly if they hit underneath.Newspaper PostFour killed by avalanches in Italy ROME / VIENNA – During the weekend in northern Italy four people killed by avalanches. That intelligence bureau ANSA reported. All the victims were Italians. On Sunday, in the mountains near Belluno a adult male by an avalanche, a second was earnestly injured. A 3rd was unharmed and alerted the governments. Furthermore, deliverance workers found the organic structure of the Monte Baldo, a 17-year-old male child that Saturday was struck by an avalanche. Another male child was found dead Saturday eventide. In Lecco was eventually the organic structure of a 50-year-old adult male found who was losing since Saturday after an avalanche. In Austria, by avalanches since Thursday killed seven people including a 35-year-old Norse, APA intelligence bureau reported Sunday. The hazard of avalanches remains really big, the governments said. In add-on to this notice, there are late published several articles on accidents affecting avalanchesMessage 1, 27 December ( nu.nl )Surely seven people were killed this weekend by avalanches in the Alps. The deceases occurred in cragged countries in the independent part of Trentino-South Tyrol in Italy. Four saviors died Saturday during a hunt for two losing tourers. They were maintained at a tallness of about 2000 metres buried by an avalanche. A 14-year-old snowboarder from Germany came elsewhere in the part were killed by an avalanche. In Austria, Saturday besides still contained the remains of two German skiers, who since last Monday to book were losing.Message 2, January 3 ( nu.nl )By avalanches in Switzerland on Sunday at least four people were killed. Surely six others were earnestly injured. The media have reported in the Alpine part. In the vale near the capital Bern Diemtigtal killed two skiers and a physician for life. The physician belonged to a group of saviors after an avalanche had come to the deliverance and was buried under a 2nd avalanche. The 4th decease is a cross-country skiers in the Gallic talking portion of Guangzhou Valais was buried under an avalanche. About the nationality of the dead were non disclosed.Message 3, 4 January ( nu.nl )The decease toll from avalanches on Sunday in Switzerland on Monday has risen to five. One individual died of his hurts in infirmary. Three skiers are still losing Monday, the Swiss intelligence bureau SDA reported. In Austria, two German skiers of 18 and 19 old ages to life. In Diedamskopf ski country in the West of the state fell two Sundays off a incline and crashed into a ravine. The Austrian intelligence bureau APA reported Monday that their cadavers were found.DangersSnow Avalanches may happen if dust avalanche or sliding or rollawine. The first move at high velocity, up to 100s of kilometres per hr, and are particularly unsafe because of the tremendous force per unit area wave they create. This force per unit area moving ridge can omblazen trees and snow in the lungs of victims imperativenesss. The 2nd type of avalanche is unsafe because he people, or even full houses, and retarding forces with him to bury himself under. The snow is so pressed and frequently really hard to delve off. Under the snow, a deficiency of O to happen, but besides an accretion of C dioxide from the exhaled air of the victim, thereby choking. Apart from asphyxiation, many victims of avalanches die from hypothermia. The survival chance of an avalanche victim falls quickly with the transition of clip. After 45 proceedingss, merely a 3rd of the victims alive from the snow be removed. Shortly after the deliverance is still a important hazard of decease by the alleged â€Å" Bergungstod † ( Salvation Death ) . It brings the blood circulation traveling in front every bit much waste merchandises of metamorphosis from the limbs back to the cardinal variety meats, so that it poisoned them and interrupt. With an increasing figure of skiers, take, despite security steps, the figure of avalanche victims in the Alps far. Many of them are outside the pronounced pistes. A strong substrate, such as a wood, or particular healthy fencings, able to cut down the hazard of an avalanche in that they hold the snow or decelerating down.Categorization of hazardThe European Avalanche Scale classifies the hazard that an avalanche occurs. This categorization normally refers to larger countries and gives merely a first indicant of the possible danger. Factors such as the abruptness of a incline, sneeuwverwaaiingen, temperature, Sun, clip of twenty-four hours and orientation of a incline are besides at the micro degree besides affected. The following tabular array explains the rating graduated table. The column â€Å" How frequently † indicates how frequently an mean winter in Switzerland, this state of affairs occurs.Hazard Avalanche danger How frequently Flag1 – Low Merely on steep inclines and at high tonss, for illustration, by a group of skiers, avalanches can happen. Spontaneous avalanches are non expected. For 1/5 of the winter Yellow flag 2 à ¢â‚¬â€œ Moderate Small self-generated avalanches are possible. On steep inclines, a individual skier cause an avalanche, groups can besides do avalanches on normal inclines. For 1/2 of the winter Yellow flag 3 – Considerable Spontaneous avalanches occurred on steep inclines that besides flatter and deeper country can make. On normal inclines, a individual skier already do an avalanche. Ski touring, so off-piste, can merely take topographic point under the counsel of an experient usher. For 1/3 of the winte Yellow-black checkered flag 4 – Large Large self-generated avalanches occur. It is unsafe to go forth the sphere. For several yearss per winter Black Flag 5 – Very Large Extreme avalanche danger. Not merely the inclines are unsafe, even small towns and substructure such as roads and railwaies are threatened. You may necessitate to be evacuated. Rarely, an norm of 1 twenty-four hours per winter Black Flag

A Weekend with My Grandparents

Last weekend was one of the most enjoyable weekends I have ever had. I spent it with my grandparents not their farm. I have often stayed on the farm before but this was a special occasion. It was my first visit during the middle of the fruit season. My grandparents have a huge orchard full of fruit trees such as durians, lychees and mangosteens. The fruits in the orchard are deliciously sweet and tasty, as I have often tasted. When I arrived early on Saturday morning,my grandmother told me that grandfather was at the orchard.I immediately set off on my bicycle to the orchard that was only five kilometers away. It was a pleasant ride because it was cool and the air smelt clean and fresh, quite different from the air in the city where I live. Soon, I reached the orchard and went looking for my grandfather. He was of course thrilled to see his only grandchild. When I offered to help, my grandfather gave me a basket and told me to pick up the ripe mangosteens. He also gave me a long stic k with a knife attached to one end.This was to help me reached the fruit that were high up on the tree. there were several other men who helped to pick the fruit. These were the workers who had been hired for this specific job. B lunchtime, I had already filled many baskets and put the fruits into large containers. We had a brief stop when the women brought food for all of us. We sat under the shade of the trees while my grandfather told me stories of the days gone by. Then we continue plucking the mangosteens.By evening, all the mangosteens had been plucked before the fruit seller arrived. He weigh the mangosteens and then put them onto his lorry. When we went home that evening I was tired but happy. My grandfather told me I had done a good job although I had eaten quite a lot if the fruit that I had picked. The next morning, we again set off to the orchard. This time we were supposed to gather the durians and the mangosteens. Since I had no experience, I was not allowed to gather the durians. I just helped with the mangosteens.There were not that many trees so we finished by lunchtime. After lunch, my grandfather, who knew how much I loved durians, opened a few of the durians for us to eat. The flesh was smooth and creamy and tasted delicious. After the fruit seller had loaded up the fruit, my grandfather and I went back home. I spent the evening taking with my grandparents who had many interesting stories to tell. Then, my parents arrived and we all had dinner and it was finally time to go home. My weekend had been extremely tiring it it was thoroughly enjoyable.

Art of Graffiti Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art of Graffiti - Essay Example . . . To them to get busted is like a Purple Heart. Nobody really slams the doors on those thugs. These graffiti vandals are causing people pain and grief. They think they're artists and have some right like free speech to express their individualism or artistry. If they want to be an artist they should go to work for a record company and do hip-hop CD covers. Graffiti might look good to them and their buddies, but the majority of the people don't want to look at that crap every day"2. As a matter of fact "any type of cultural or artistic production forces change on an environment. Most of the time, people abide by well-established rules for culture-producing activities. They do it through consuming certain products in certain ways or by creating symbols of their identity within the scope of what is legal for the entire society. In general, people who write graffiti produce culture in a different manner. No matter what it says, the manner in which graffiti is produced defines the writer's position as an outsider and alienates that person from the rest of society"3. Although there are hundreds of individual styles of graffiti, there are only seven basic forms in which it appears. These forms, the names of which are known to all graffiti writers, can be distinguished generally by their size, location, complexity of design, or the materials used to create them4. Bubble is a style, in which all similar to each other letters are rounded, joined with each other, and looks as though exaggerated, similar to bubbles bursting at the seams. More often it is used just few colors, basically two or three. This is one of the most popular styles of beginners. Wild Style differs from all the other styles, first of all, by the complexity of letters, which most often are non readable. They are so mazy that sometimes even people who know what's what in graffiti and write it, are not capable to puzzle out an inscription, let alone everymen. And only those, who draw in such style, without can easily read the text of the image. The point is that a writer adds additional elements to the letters, which distract attention from letters.FX (or 3D style) differs in absolute volume of letters. To think up such figure is very difficult. It is necessary to possess not ordinary imagination and uncommon thinking to draw a word in volume. Thus, it is necessary that all letters were combined with each other, and it was clear enough what is written. Far not every writer is capable to do it. Moreover a writer needs many years of trainings to write graffiti in this style.Messiah Style. Originality of this style is that letters look like written on separate she ets and imposed on each other. This style has been invented by the inhabitant of New York Vulcan, which works are characterized by original color scale. Charater is a style, in which the characters from the style of comics are used. Sometimes there is a framework of speech, in which can be present the signature of the writer (autograph), or speech of the character. On background often there is an inscription executed in other style. At

Research report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research report - Essay Example Some of the events that took place in the US music industry in 1993 included; the stamp named Elvis Preley that was given out by the US postal service on the 8th of January that year. Also, the original soundtrack album named the bodyguard was ranked first in history. Since then Nielson Sound scan came up with a monitoring systems that had computerized sales in May of 1990 for selling of copies that exceeded on million in one week in the US on the 9th of January. On 12th of January cream reunited for a performance in the induction ceremony of rock and roll hall of fame. On the 13th of the same month bobby brown became arrested for simulating an act that was sexual on stage. This happened in Augusta, Georgia, USA (Tschmuc, 35). On February same year many events took place that include; interviews of Michael Jackson by Oprah Winfrey on the prime time special of the US Television on 10th. This was the Jackson’s first interview in 14 years and was the interview that was most watched in the history of television. On 14th Harry Nilsson suffered a heart attack that was not fatal. Some of the events that took place in March same year included; Patti Labelle was honored as star of the walk of fame of Hollywood in USA. On 4th, Depeche Mode was ranked the first band in Britain to achieve the first position in USA in the 200 billboard which performed the album known as songs of faith and devotion. On the 29th, the suede album eponymous debut was released. It entered 1st position in the album chart as it was the fastest moving album in terms of selling in Britain. This was a new record in the UK act (Unterberger, Samb and Jennifer 14). In April the events that took place included; Jay Roach who was a screen writer married Bangles’ Susanna Hoff’s in Los Angele, USA on 17th. On 22nd, a Broadway was opened by The Who’s Tommy. On 29th, the Barry white animation version was shown in the episode cartoon series of the US television. On the 7th of June which was